Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, which results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Deficiency in insulin leads to chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism (American Diabetes Association 2014). Diabetes was first noticed by the ancient Indian Ayurveda physicians, who observed flies and ants getting attracted toward the urine of people affected with certain diseases. After clinical tests by Indian physicians, it was named as “Madhumeha” by Shushrutha. Later after clinical experiments, DM was classified into type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), gestational diabetes, and other forms of diabetes (American Diabetes Association 2014). T2DM is the most common form of diabetes affecting 85–90% of the diabetic population (IDF Atlas 2017).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Al-Rubeaan K, Al Derwish M, Ouizi S, Youssef AM, Subhani SN, Ibrahim HM, Alamri BN (2015) Diabetic foot complications and their risk factors from a large retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 10(5):e0124446
American Diabetes Association (2014) Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 37(Suppl 1):S81–S90
Anjana RM, Deepa M, Pradeepa R, Mahanta J, Narain K, Das HK, Adhikari P, Rao PV, Saboo B, Kumar A, Bhansali A (2017) Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in 15 states of India: results from the ICMR–INDIAB population-based cross-sectional study. Lancet Diabet Endocrinol 5(8):585–596
Atlas ID (2015) International Diabetes Federation, Brussels
Atlas ID (2017) International Diabetes Federation, Brussels, Belgium; 2013. International Diabetes Federation (IDF)
Boulton AJ (2013) The pathway to foot ulceration in diabetes. Med Clin N Am 97(5):775–790
Chammas NK, Hill RLR, Edmonds ME (2016) Increased mortality in diabetic foot ulcer patients: the significance of ulcer type. J Diabetes Res 2016:2879809
D’Souza M, Kulkarni V, Bhaskaran U, Ahmed H, Naimish H, Prakash A (2015) Diabetic peripheral neuropathy and its determinants among patients attending a tertiary health care centre in Mangalore, India. J Public Health Res 4(2):450
Davies M, Brophy S, Williams R, Taylor A (2006) The prevalence, severity, and impact of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 29(7):1518–1522
Gill HK, Yadav SB, Ramesh V, Bhatia E (2014) A prospective study of prevalence and association of peripheral neuropathy in Indian patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Postgrad Med 60(3):270–275
Hartemann A, Attal N, Bouhassira D, Dumont I, Gin H, Jeanne S, Said G, Richard JL, Working Group on the Diabetic Foot from the French-speaking Society of Diabetology (2011) Painful diabetic neuropathy: diagnosis and management. Diabetes Metab 37(5):377–388
Hazari A, Maiya A, Agouris I, Monteiro A (2019) Prediction of peak plantar pressure for diabetic foot: the regressional model. Foot 40:87–91
Jaiswal M, Divers J, Dabelea D, Isom S, Bell RA, Martin CL, Pettitt DJ, Saydah S, Pihoker C, Standiford DA, Dolan LM (2017) Prevalence of and risk factors for diabetic peripheral neuropathy in youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Diabetes Care 40(9):1226–1232
Kaveeshwar SA, Cornwall J (2014) The current state of diabetes mellitus in India. Australas Med J 7(1):45
Kim SS, Won JC, Kwon HS, Kim CH, Lee JH, Park TS, Ko KS, Cha BY (2014) Prevalence and clinical implications of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes: results from a nationwide hospital-based study of diabetic neuropathy in Korea. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 103(3):522–529
Maiya AG, Gundmi S, Matpady P, Jadhav R, Lingadakai R, Hande M, Kamath VG, Shivashankar KN, Chinmayee P, Hazari A, Shastri N (2018) Prevalence of foot complications in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A community-based survey in rural Udupi. Int J Low Extr Wound 17(3):169–175.
Petropoulos IN, Javed S, Azmi S, Khan A, Ponirakis G, Malik RA (2016) Diabetic neuropathy and painful diabetic neuropathy in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region: much work needs to be done. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 11(4):284–294
Said G (2007) Diabetic neuropathy—a review. Nat Rev Neurol 3(6):331
Schumacher C, Glosner SE (2014) Assessment of pain and impact of care among patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Am Pharm Assoc 54(1):14–18
Shahi SK, Kumar A, Kumar S, Singh SK (2012) Prevalence of diabetic foot ulcer and associated risk factors in diabetic patients from North India. Age 47(8):55–26
Singh N, Armstrong DG, Lipsky BA (2005) Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. JAMA 293(2):217–228
Sriyani KA, Wasalathanthri S, Hettiarachchi P, Prathapan S (2013) Predictors of diabetic foot and leg ulcers in a developing country with a rapid increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 8(11):e80856
Tesfaye S, Vileikyte L, Rayman G, Sindrup SH, Perkins BA, Baconja M, Vinik AI, Boulton AJM, Toronto Expert Panel on Diabetic Neuropathy (2011) Painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: consensus recommendations on diagnosis, assessment and management. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 27(7):629–638
Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H (2004) Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 27(5):1047–1053
Wu EQ, Borton J, Said G, Le TK, Monz B, Rosilio M, Avoinet S (2007) Estimated prevalence of peripheral neuropathy and associated pain in adults with diabetes in France. Curr Med Res Opin 23(9):2035–2042
Yokoyama H, Oishi M, Takamura H, Yamasaki K, Shirabe SI, Uchida D, Sugimoto H, Kurihara Y, Araki SI, Maegawa H (2016) Large-scale survey of rates of achieving targets for blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipids and prevalence of complications in type 2 diabetes (JDDM 40). BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 4(1):e000294
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hazari, A., Maiya, G.A. (2020). Epidemiology and Current Status of Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Foot Syndrome. In: Clinical Biomechanics and its Implications on Diabetic Foot. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3681-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3681-6_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-3680-9
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-3681-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)