Abstract
Many ecological correlations have correlated consumption of A1 milk with increased risk for incidence of CHD. These correlations are supported by human case-control studies, few in vivo and in vitro studies. It is assumed that the released BCM-7 from only A1 milk is actually the hypothetical risk element. BCMs released from A1 β-casein is proposed to play role in the progression of atherogenesis. The latter is assumed to occur through the stimulation of the oxidation of LDL by BCM-7. One of the most likely justification that cow milk β-casein could be atherogenic are the in vitro findings that demonstrated the oxidation of LDL-cholesterol to oxidized LDL-cholesterol. This biochemical finding was later validated through immunological perspective, where antibodies were assessed in infants against the oxidized LDL-cholesterol. However, few American Nutritionists, EFSA and Truswell refute all these correlations and mechanisms.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Allison AJ, Clarke AJ (2006) Further research for consideration in “the A2 milk case”. Eur J Clin Nutr 60(7):921–924
Beck J, Ferrucci L, Sun K et al (2008) Circulating oxidized low-density lipoproteins are associated with overweight, obesity, and low serum carotenoids in older community-dwelling women. Nutrition 24(10):964–968
Campbell CG, Brown BD, Dufner D et al (2006) Effects of soy or milk protein during a high-fat feeding challenge on oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipids in healthy men. Lipids 41(3):257–265
Chin-Dusting J, Shennan J, Jones E et al (2006) Effect of dietary supplementation with [beta]-casein A1 or A2 on markers of disease development in individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Br J Nutr 95(1):136–144
Coccia R, Foppoli C, Blarzino C et al (2001) Interaction of enkephalin derivatives with reactive oxygen species. Biochim Biophys Acta 1525:43–49
Crawford RA, Boland MJ, Norris CS et al (2003) Milk containing beta casein with proline at position 67 does not aggravate neurological disorders. PCT/WO 02/19832/A1
Elwood PC, Pickering JE, Fehily AM et al (2004a) Milk drinking, ischaemic heart disease and ischaemic stroke I. Evidence from the Caerphilly cohort. Eur J Clin Nutr 58(5):711–717
Elwood PC, Pickering JE, Hughes J et al (2004b) Milk drinking, ischaemic heart disease and ischaemic stroke II. Evidence from cohort studies. Eur J Clin Nutr 58(5):718–724
Elwood PC, Strain JJ, Robson PJ et al (2005) Milk consumption, stroke, and heart attack risk: evidence from the Caerphilly cohort of older men. J Epidemiol Community Health 59(6):502–505
Fiat AM, Levy-Tolediano S, Caen JP et al (1989) Biologically active peptides of casein and lactoferrin implicated in platelet function. J Dairy Res 56:351–355
FitzGerald RJ, Meisel H (2000) Milk protein-derived peptide inhibitors of angiotensin- I-converting enzyme. Br J Nutr 84(1):33–37
Foltz M, Meynen EE, Bianco V et al (2007) Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from a lactotripeptide-enriched milk beverage are absorbed intact into the circulation. J Nutr 137(4):953–958
Fontana M, Mosca L, Rosei MA (2001) Interaction of enkephalins with oxyradicals. Biochem Pharmacol 61(10):1253–1257
Gómez-Ruiz J, López-Expósito I, Pihlanto A et al (2008) Antioxidant activity of ovine casein hydrolysates: identification of active peptides by HPLC–MS/MS. Eur Food Res Technol 227(4):1061–1067
Hartmann R, Meisel H (2007) Food-derived peptides with biological activity: from research to food applications. Curr Opin Biotechnol 18(2):163–169
Hill JP, Crawford RA, Boland MJ (2002) Milk and consumer health: a review of the evidence for a relationship between the consumption of beta-casein A1 with heart disease and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Proc NZ Soc Anim Prod 62:111–114
Hong F, Ming L, Yi S et al (2008) The antihypertensive effect of peptides: a novel alternative to drugs? Peptides 29(6):1062–1071
Korhonen H, Pihlanto A (2006) Bioactive peptides: production and functionality. Int Dairy J 16(9):945–960
Kritchevsky D, Tepper SA, Story JA (1988) Influence of soy protein and casein on atherosclerosis in rabbits. Fed Proc 15(3):163–169
Lapointe A, Couillard C, Lemieux S (2006) Effects of dietary factors on oxidation of low-density lipoprotein particles. J Nutr Biochem 17(10):645–658
Laugesen M, Elliott R (2003a) Ischaemic heart disease, type 1 diabetes, and cow milk A1 β-casein. N Z Med J 116(1168):U295
Laugesen M, Elliott R (2003b) The influence of consumption of A1 β-casein on heart disease and type 1 diabetes–the authors reply. Z Med J 116(1170):U367
Lin X, Xue LY, Wang R, Zhao QY, Chen Q (2006) Protective effects of endomorphins, endogenous opioid peptides in the brain, on human low density lipoprotein oxidation. FEBS J 273(6):1275–1284
Mann J, Skeaff M (2003) β-Casein variants and atherosclerosis—claims are premature. Atherosclerosis 170(1):11–12
Matsuura E, Hughes GRV, Khamashta MA (2008) Oxidation of LDL and its clinical implication. Autoimmun Rev 7(7):558–566
McLachlan CNS (2001) β-Casein A1, ischaemic heart disease mortality, and other illnesses. Med Hypotheses 56(2):262–272
Meeker DR, Kesten HD (1941) Effect of high protein diets on experimental atherosclerosis of rabbits. Arch Pathol 31:147–162
Meisel H, FitzGerald RJ (2000) Opioid peptides encrypted in intact milk protein sequences. Br J Nutr 84(1):27–31
Moller NP, Scholz-Ahrens KE, Roos N et al (2008) Bioactive peptides and proteins from foods: indication for health effects. Eur J Nutr 47(4):171–182
Morgenstern H, Thomas D (1993) Principles of study design in environmental epidemiology. Environ Health Perspect 101(4):23–38
Ness AR, Smith DG, Hart C (2002) Milk, coronary heart disease and mortality. J Epidemiol Community Health 55:379–383
Nicklas BJ, You T, Pahor M (2005) Behavioral treatments for chronic systemic inflammation: effects of dietary weight loss and exercise training. Can Med Assoc J 172(9):1199–1209
Peng X, Xiong YL, Kong B (2008) Antioxidant activity of peptide fractions from whey protein hydrolysates as measured by electron spin resonance. Food Chem 113(1):196–201
Saito T (2008) Antihypertensive peptides derived from bovine casein and whey proteins. Adv Exp Med Biol 606:295–317
Seely S (1981) Diet and coronary disease: a survey of mortality rates and food consumption statistics of 24 countries. Med Hypotheses 7(7):907–918
Steinberg D (1997) Low density lipoprotein oxidation and its pathobiological significance. J Biol Chem 272(34):20963–20966
Steinberg D (2002) Atherogenesis in perspective: hypercholesterolemia and inflammation as partners in crime. Nat Med 8(11):1211–1217
Stocker R, Keaney JF Jr (2004) Role of oxidative modifications in atherosclerosis. Physiol Rev 84(10):1381–1478
Suetsuna K, Ukeda H, Ochi H (2000) Isolation and characterization of free radical scavenging activities peptides derived from casein. J Nutr Biochem 11(3):128–131
Tailford KA, Berry CL, Thomas AC et al (2003) A casein variant in cow’s milk is atherogenic. Atherosclerosis 170(1):13–19
Terpstra AHM, Harkes L, Van Der Veen FH (1981) The effect of different proportions of casein in semi purified diets on the concentration of serum cholesterol and the lipoprotein composition in rabbits. Lipids 16:114–119
Torreilles J, Guerin MC (1995) Casein-derived peptides can promote human LDL oxidation by a peroxidase-dependent and metal-independent process. CR Seances Soc Biol Fil 189(5):933–942
Venn BJ, Skeaff CM, Brown R et al (2006) A comparison of the effects of A1 and A2 β-casein protein variants on blood cholesterol concentrations in New Zealand adults. Atherosclerosis 188(1):175–178
WHO (2003) Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. Report of the WHO/FAO Joint Expert Consultation WHO Technical reports 916: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_916.pdf
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ul Haq, M.R. (2020). A1 Milk and Heart Diseases. In: β-Casomorphins. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3457-7_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3457-7_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-3456-0
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-3457-7
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)