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Epigenetics in Allergy and Autoimmunity pp 223–257Cite as

The Role of Epigenetics in Type 1 Diabetes

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Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1253))

Abstract

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease caused by the interaction between genetic alterations and environmental factors. More than 60 susceptible genes or loci of T1D have been identified. Among them, HLA regions are reported to contribute about 50% of genetic susceptibility in Caucasians. There are many environmental factors involved in the pathogenesis of T1D. Environmental factors may change the expression of genes through epigenetic mechanisms, thus inducing individuals with susceptible genes to develop T1D; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. The major epigenetic modifications include DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA. There has been extensive research on the role of epigenetic mechanisms including aberrant DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA in the pathogenesis of T1D. DNA methylation and microRNA have been proposed as biomarkers to predict islet β cell death, which needs further confirmation before any clinical application can be developed. Small molecule inhibitors of histone deacetylases, histone methylation, and DNA methylation are potentially important for preventing T1D or in the reprogramming of insulin-producing cells. This chapter mainly focuses on T1D-related DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA, as well as their possible translational potential in the early diagnosis and treatment of T1D.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC1305000); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81873634, 81400783); the National Key Technology R&D program (2015BAI12B13).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China

    Zhiguo Xie, Gan Huang & Zhiguang Zhou

  2. Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China

    Zhiguo Xie, Gan Huang & Zhiguang Zhou

  3. Division of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Joe DiMaggio Children’s Hospital, Hollywood, FL, 33021, USA

    Christopher Chang

  4. Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    Christopher Chang

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  1. Zhiguo Xie
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  3. Gan Huang
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  4. Zhiguang Zhou
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Correspondence to Zhiguang Zhou .

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  1. Division of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Joe DiMaggio Children’s Hospital, Hollywood, FL, USA

    Christopher Chang

  2. Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

    Qianjin Lu

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Xie, Z., Chang, C., Huang, G., Zhou, Z. (2020). The Role of Epigenetics in Type 1 Diabetes. In: Chang, C., Lu, Q. (eds) Epigenetics in Allergy and Autoimmunity. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1253. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3449-2_9

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