Abstract
The chapter presents the analysis and discussion on the findings of the learning design in terms of the effective adaptation of instructional techniques to engage mainland Chinese students to achieve optimal learning and knowledge acquisition. The first part of the discussion focuses on the mainland Chinese students’ ratings of perceived learning effectiveness, comfort, familiarity and knowledge transfer for the ten instructional techniques. The second part focuses on the discussion on the ten instructional techniques on its outcomes on the relational effect between perceived learning effectiveness and comfort, familiarity, ease of knowledge transfer and other influences on learning outcome. The chapter concludes with an implications and recommendations section that addresses the importance of rethinking and redesigning the teaching and learning strategy by adopting the correct mix and through customizing the instructional techniques to achieve effective learning for these mainland Chinese students. Learning culture and culture of learning plays a vital role in addressing the cross-cultural teaching and learning issues in a business education context.
This chapter is improved from Rajaram, K. (2013). Learning in foreign cultures: Self-reports learning effectiveness across different instructional techniques. World Journal of Education, 3(4), 71–95 and Rajaram, K., & Bordia, S. (2011). Culture clash: Teaching Western-based management education to mainland Chinese students in Singapore. Journal of International Education in Business, 4(1), 63–83.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Boisot, M., & Child, J. (1999). Organizations as adaptive systems in complex environments: The case of China. Organization Science, 10(3), 237–252.
Chan, S. (1999). The Chinese learner–a question of style. Education + Training, 41(6/7), 294–305.
Chen, G. M., & Starosta, W. J. (1998). A review of the concept of intercultural sensitivity. Human Communication, 1, 1–16.
Cheung, W. Y. (2004). Engaging students in a virtual classroom: The use of bulletin boards in teaching and learning for Chinese learners. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 22(3), 41–67. https://doi.org/10.1300/J017v22n03_03
Chi, X., Liu, J., & Bai, Y. (2017). College environment, student involvement, and intellectual development: Evidence in China. Higher Education, 74(1), 81–99.
Cho, C. H., Roberts, R. W., & Roberts, S. K. (2008). Chinese students in US accounting and business PhD programs: Educational, political and social considerations. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 19(2), 199–216.
Cornet, C. E. (1983). What you should know about teaching and learning styles. Bloomfield: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.
Foss, K. A., & Reitzel, A. (1991). A relational model for managing second language anxiety. In E. Horwitz & D. J. Young (Eds.), Language anxiety from theory and research to classroom implication (pp. 129–140). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Frazee, V. (1996). Keeping up on Chinese culture. Personnel Journal, 1(1), 16.
Gao, G., Ting-Toomey, S., & Gudykunst, W. B. (1996). Chinese communication processes. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. London: McGraw-Hill.
Holmes, P. (2004). Negotiating difference in learning and intercultural communication: Ethic Chinese students in a New Zealand University. Business Communication Quarterly, 67, 294–307.
Hu, G. W. (2002). English language teaching in the People’s Republic of China. In R. E. Silver, G. W. Hu, & M. Iino (Eds.), English language education in China, Japan, and Singapore (pp. 1–77). Singapore: National Institute of Education.
Jackson, J. (2002). Reticence in second language case discussions: Anxiety and aspirations. System, 30, 65–84.
Jarrah, F. (1998). New courses will target transition to university. China Morning Post, 23, 28.
Jin, L. X., & Cortazzi, M. (1998). The culture the learner brings: A bridge or a barrier? In M. Byram & M. Fleming (Eds.), Language learning in intercultural perspective: Approaches through drama and ethnography (pp. 98–118). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kumaravadivelu, B. (2003). Problematizing cultural stereotypes in TESOL. TESOL Quarterly, 37(4), 709–719.
Ladd, P. D., & Ruby Jr., R. (1999). Learning style and adjustment issues of international students. Journal of Education in Business, 74(6), 363–367.
Li, M., & Campbell, J. (2008). Asian students’ perceptions of group work and group assignments in a New Zealand tertiary institution. Intercultural Education, 19(3), 203–216.
Lin, Y. (1977). My country and my people. Hong Kong: Heinemann.
Littlewood, W. (2009). Participation-based pedagogy: How congruent is it with Chinese cultures of learning? In P. Cheng & J. X. Yan (Eds.), Cultural identity and language anxiety (pp. 179–202). Guilin: Guangxi Normal University Press.
Liu, J. (1998). Guanyu xushuti de pianhang jiaoxue – zenyang jiao xusheng ba juzi liancheng duanlo [Narrative text in Chinese discourse pedagogy: How to teach students to connect sentences into paragraphs]. Shijie Hanyu Jiaoxue [Chinese Teaching in the World], 1, 72–78.
Liu, N., & Littlewood, W. (1997). Why do many students appear reluctant to participate in classroom learning discourse? System, 25, 371–384.
Nakamura, H. (1964). Ways of Thinking of Eastern People. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Nield, K. (2004). Questioning the myth of the Chinese learner. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 16(3), 189–196.
Northrop, F. S. C. (1946). The meeting of East and West. New York: Macmillan.
Phuong-Mai, N., Terlouw, C., & Pilot, A. (2006). Culturally appropriate pedagogy: The case of group learning in a Confucian Heritage Culture context. Intercultural Education, 17(1), 1–19.
Rajaram, K. (2010). Culture Clash: Teaching western-based business education to mainland Chinese students in Singapore. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
Rajaram, K., & Bordia, S. (2011). Culture clash: Teaching Western-based management education to mainland Chinese students in Singapore. Journal of International Education in Business, 4(1), 63–83.
Rajaram, K., & Bordia, S. (2013). East versus West: Effectiveness of knowledge acquisition and impact of cultural dislocation issues for mainland Chinese students across ten commonly used instructional techniques. International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 7(1), 1–21.
Rodrigues, C. A. (2004). The importance level of ten teaching/learning techniques as rated by university business students and instructors. Journal of Management Development, 23(2), 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710410517256
Ryan, J., & Louie, K. (2007). False Dichotomy? ‘Western’ and ‘Confucian’ concepts of scholarship and learning. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 39(4), 404–417.
Ryan, J., & Slethaug, G. (2010). International education and the Chinese learner (Vol. 1). Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Samuelowicz, & Bain. (2001). Revisiting academics’ belief about teaching and learning. Higher Education, 41, 299–325.
Shi, L. (2006). The successors to Confucianism or a new generation? A questionnaire study on Chinese students’ culture of learning English, language. Culture and Curriculum, 19(1), 122–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908310608668758
Tan, J. (2011). Revisiting the Chinese learner: Changing contexts, changing education. Taylor & Francis.
Tan, D., & Akhtar, S. (1998). Organizational commitment and experienced burnout: An exploratory study from a Chinese cultural perspective. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 6(4), 310–333.
Tiong, K. M., & Yong, S. T. (2004). Confucian heritage culture learners’ and instructors’ expectations and preferences in collaborative learning: Convergence or divergence? In Proceedings of HERDSA annual conference, 4–7 July, Curtin University of Technology, Sarawak Campus, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia. ISSN:1441-001x http://herdsa.org.au/conference2004/Contributions/NRPapers/A055-jt.pdf. Accessed 12 Feb 2011.
Tu, C. H. (2001). How Chinese perceive social presence: An examination of interaction in online learning environment. Educational Media International, 38(1), 45–60.
Tuener, Y., & Acker, A. (2002). Education in the new China: Shaping ideas at work. London: Routledge.
Tweed, R. G., & Lehman, D. R. (2002). Learning considered within a cultural context: Confucian and Socratic approaches. American Psychologist, 57(2), 89–99.
Valiente, C. (2008). Are students using the ‘wrong’ style of learning? Active Learning in Higher Education, 9(1), 73–91.
Wang, Y. (2012). Mainland Chinese students’ group work adaption in a UK business school. Teaching in Higher Education, 17(5), 523–535.
Wang, M., Zhang, Y., Sanyk, W., & Velasco, M. (2016). Identifying cultural learning preferences: Develop effective training for Chinese learners. In Intelligent Environments 2016, IOS Press, 21: 139–148. DOI :10.3233/978-1-61499-690-3-139
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rajaram, K. (2020). Learning Design: Effective Adaptation of Instructional Techniques to Enhance the Learning Process. In: Educating Mainland Chinese Learners in Business Education. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3395-2_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3395-2_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-3393-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-3395-2
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)