Abstract
Yan Fu is the first thinker who observed Western modern civilization and accepted Western advanced thoughts and theories. Yan Fu reconstructively introduced evolutionary sociology represented by Spencer, which greatly shocked the conservative and dull Chinese culture and thoughts and raised questions concerning long-standing defects with Chinese society. He set up an example as a pioneer in the Chinese sociology. Yan Fu’s perplexity, speculation, criticism, and reconstruction of Western sociology provide the primary basis for studying and evaluating the origin, core, and trend of Chinese sociology.
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Notes
- 1.
Fu (1996).
- 2.
Yan Fu. On Our Salvation. Editor-in-Chief Liu Mengxi. China Modern Academic Classics · Volume Yan Fu, p. 565.
- 3.
Yan Fu. On Our Salvation. Editor-in-Chief Liu Mengxi. China Modern Academic Classics · Volume Yan Fu, p. 7.
- 4.
Yan Fu. On Our Salvation. Editor-in-Chief Liu Mengxi. China Modern Academic Classics · Volume Yan Fu, p. 7.
- 5.
Ji (2001).
- 6.
Yan Fu. On the Origin of Strength. Editor-in-Chief Liu Mingxi. China Modern Academic Classics—Volume Yan Fu, p. 541.
- 7.
Yan Fu. On the Origin of Strength. Editor-in-Chief Liu Mingxi. China Modern Academic Classics—Volume Yan Fu, p. 541.
- 8.
Fu (1981).
- 9.
Fu (1999).
- 10.
Schwartz (1990).
- 11.
Huxley. Evolution and Ethics. Editor-in-Chief Liu Mengxi. China Modern Academic Classics—Volume Yan Fu, p. 25.
- 12.
Schwartz. Yen Fu and the West, pp. 76–90.
- 13.
Lewis A. Coser. Masters of Sociological Thought, p. 102.
- 14.
Yan Fu. On the Speed of World Change. China Modern Chinese Enlightenment, p. 161.
- 15.
Yan Fu. On the Speed of World Change. China Modern Chinese Enlightenment, p. 161.
- 16.
Durkheim. Montesquieu and Rousseau—The Pioneer of Sociology, p. 132.
- 17.
Guisheng et al. (1999).
- 18.
Yan Fu said in Dao Xue Wai Zhuan Yu Yi, “If Zhou Dunyi, Zhu Xi, Zhang Zai, Wang Yangming, and Liu Zongzhou lived in current society would they be helpful or not? I am sure that they would be helpful. They showed great loyalty to their country, care to people, perseverance in moral integrity, and moderation in desires. These virtues that should be indispensable are unfortunately missing in current society. If the literati and officialdom today possessed these virtues, China would become powerful in no time.” Collection of Yan Fu’s Works, Vol. 2, p. 486. Beijing, Zhonghua Book Company.
- 19.
Liu Guisheng. Yan Fu’s Consistency in Views of Chinese and Western Culture. Editors-in-chief Liu Guisheng, Lin Qiyan and Wang Xianming. New Theory of Yan Fu’s Thought, p. 30.
- 20.
Lin Zaijue. Two Issues Concerning: Radicalness and Conservativeness, Criticism of Traditions and Resort to Ancient Thoughts. Editors-in-chief Liu Guisheng, Lin Qiyan and Wang Xianming. New Theory of Yan Fu’s Though, p. 58.
- 21.
Lin Qiyan. Yan Fu’s Views of Chinese and Western Culture. Editors-in-chief Liu Guisheng, Lin Qiyan and Wang Xianming. New Theory of Yan Fu's Thought, p. 30.
- 22.
Qichao (1989).
- 23.
The author thinks that it is better to translate energy into “ability”, so “ability” is used instead of “vitality” below.
- 24.
Schwartz. Yen Fu and the West · Preface, p. 1.
- 25.
Yan Fu. On the Origin of Strength. Editor-in-Chief Liu Mengxi. Chinese Modern Academic Classics · Volume Yan Fu, p. 550.
- 26.
Yan Fu. On the Origin of Strength. Editor-in-Chief Liu Mengxi. Chinese Modern Academic Classics · Volume Yan Fu, p. 542.
- 27.
Yan Fu. On the Origin of Strength. Editor-in-Chief Liu Mengxi. Chinese Modern Academic Classics · Volume Yan Fu, p. 543.
- 28.
Schwartz. Yen Fu and the West, p. 57.
- 29.
Yan Fu. On the Origin of Strength. Editor-in-Chief Liu Mengxi. Chinese Modern Academic Classics · Volume Yan Fu, pp. 541–542.
- 30.
Yan Fu. Evolution and Ethics. Editor-in-chief Liu Mengxi. Chinese Modern Academic Classics · Volume Yan Fu, p. 50.
- 31.
Yan Fu. On the Boundary between the Self and the Group. The translator’s preface. Editor-in-chief Liu Mengxi. Chinese Modern Academic Classics · Volume Yan Fu, p. 421.
- 32.
Zhou Changlong. Yan Fu’s Three Levels of Meaning of Freedom. Editors-in-chief Liu Guisheng, Lin Qiyan and Wang Xianming. New Theory of Yan Fu’s Thought, p. 84.
- 33.
Zhou Changlong. Yan Fu’s Three Levels of Meaning of Freedom. Editors-in-chief Liu Guisheng, Lin Qiyan and Wang Xianming. New Theory of Yan Fu’s Thought, p. 69.
- 34.
Schwartz. Yen Fu and the West, pp. 148–149.
- 35.
Schwartz. Yen Fu and the West, p. 149.
- 36.
Schwartz. Yen Fu and the West, p. 149.
- 37.
Yan Fu. On the Boundary between the Self and the Group. The translator's preface. Editor-in-chief Liu Mengxi. Chinese Modern Academic Classics · Volume Yan Fu, p. 422.
- 38.
Adam Smith. Yuan Fu (Part D, Article Four Comments), p. 494.
- 39.
Charles de Montesquieu. The Spirit of Laws, p. 183.
- 40.
Comte. On Positive Spirit, p. 10.
- 41.
Comte. On Positive Spirit, p. 12.
- 42.
Rickert (1991).
References
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Guisheng, L., Qiyan, L., & Xianming, W. (1999). New theory of Yan Fu’s Thought (pp. 5–6). Beijing: Tsinghua University Press.
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Schwartz, B. (1990). Yen Fu and the west (p. 28). Beijing: Staff Education Press.
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Liu, S. (2020). Evolution Theory of Gregariousness by Yan Fu. In: Origin and Expansion of Chinese Sociology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3094-4_3
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