Abstract
Although international law is a common instrument of the whole world, it always has the characteristics of national culture. The dialectical evolution of international law shows that not only the theory of international law with national characteristics is possible and necessary, but also that international law with national characteristics may be tenable in logic.
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Notes
- 1.
If international law is universal and theories are common in the world, discussing the international law theory with Chinese characteristics will lack necessity and legitimacy. Just as now that the criminal law implemented uniformly in China, it is impossible to discuss the criminal law theory with characteristics of a particular province/city/district.
- 2.
For a more detailed discussion, see He Zhipeng and Sun Lu, “Dialectics of International Law”, Jiangxi Social Sciences, 2011(7).
- 3.
According to the historical law school of jurisprudence, law is the manifestation of national spirit. This point can be applied not only to domestic law but also to international law. See [Germany]Friedrich Karl von Savigny, The Contemporary Mission of Legislation and Jurisprudence, (translated by Xu Zhangrun, Chinese Legal Publishing House, 2001); Xu Zhangrun, (ed.), Savigny and the Historical Law School (Guangxi Normal University Press, 2004). In the past hundreds of years, international law has a strong Western cultural orientation. Concerning the formal sources, the trial process of international law, and the specific principles and norms of international law, international legal system could be defined as the products of the integration of the civil law system and the Anglo-American law system, with only sporadic manifestation of non-Western culture.
- 4.
The practices of states in respect of extradition, asylum, recognition and the modalities for the entry into force of treaties are mostly unilateral ones. Economic and trade cooperation treaties, dispute settlement, and territorial system are mainly bilateral. Multilateral treaties such as the UN Charter of the United Nations, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and multilateral organizations such as the United Nations, the World Trade Organization and the World Bank, have become the main aspects of international law since the 20th century because of their large scope and wide influence. However, multilateral treaties and multilateral organizations do not mean that all countries and regions are covered. At present, there are few treaties and organizations covering all countries and regions. Regional multilateral organizations such as the EU and the African Union also play an important role within the framework of international law.
- 5.
Xu Shaofeng (ed.), Modern Chinese Dictionary (Zhonghua Book Company, 2008), p. 1136. Etymology interprets it as “set forth views using reasons, and debate arguments relying on grounds”, See: He Jiuying, Wang Ning, and Dong Kun, along with editors of the Commercial Press (eds.), Etymology (3rd ed.) (Commercial Press, 2015), p. 2743.
- 6.
LuoZhufeng (ed.), Chinese Dictionary (Minute) (Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, 2008), p. 2390. In writings of Lu Xun, Zou Taofen and Mao Zedong, the term has often appeared as nominal, indicating the doctrines or knowledge systems that are composed of opinions, arguments, inferences and etc. Modern Chinese Dictionary Editorial Board (ed.), Modern Chinese Dictionary (Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, 2009), p. 1977.
- 7.
Encyclopedia of China • Philosophy (Encyclopedia of China Publishing House, 1987), p. 465, written by Yang Huanzhang. Because this term is more of a general term, not an exclusive term, the term “theory” is no longer included in the 2nd ed. of Chinese Encyclopedia, see: Encyclopedia of China (2nd ed.) (Encyclopedia of China Publishing House, 2009), Volume 13, p. 595 (after “theoretical teaching” is “theoretical geography”). Similarly, neither the Encyclopedia Britannica nor the Encyclopedia of America (Encyclopaedia Americana) has the term “theory”. The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th ed., (Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2010), vol. 11 (Micropædia, Ready Reference), p. 696 (theorem is followed by theosophy); vol. 28 (Macropædia, Knowledge in depth), p. 696 (theology is followed by principles of thermodynamics); Encyclopedia Americana (Scholastic Library Publishing, Inc., 2006), vol. 26, pp. 616–619 (theorem is followed by theosophy).
- 8.
CiHai (6th ed. with colored illustrations) (Shanghai Lexicographical Press, 2009), p. 1349.
- 9.
The Commercial Press Dictionary Research Center revised: Xinhua Dictionary (4th ed.) (Commercial Press 2013), p. 609.
- 10.
Dictionary Editing Office, Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: Modern Chinese Dictionary (6th ed.) (Commercial Press, 2012), p. 795.
- 11.
LuoNiansheng, ShuiJianfu, ed.: Ancient Greek Chinese Dictionary (Commercial Press, 2004), p. 386: watching, viewing, thinking, pondering, the assignment of spectators, the position of a ceremony; theory; scenes seen, sights. The interpretation of the word θεώρ-είον in the Oxford-English-English Dictionary is similar to the previous dictionary, but it cites many examples. Henry George Linddell and Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, 9th ed. (1940), with a revised supplement 1996, (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1996), pp. 796–797.
- 12.
There is no word “thēoria” in the Oxford Latin Dictionary which is mainly composed of the early Latin, only the word “theōrēma” (from Greek “θεώρημα”), which means the problems researched. P. G. W. Glare (ed.), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., (Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 2135.
- 13.
“A formal statement of the rules on which a subject of study is based or of ideas that are suggested to explain a fact or event, or, more generally, an opinion or explanation.” A. S. Hornby, Leonie Hey, and Suzanne Holloway (eds.), Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, 9th ed., (Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 1623.
- 14.
“A formal statement of the rules on which a subject of study is based or of ideas that are suggested to explain a fact or event, or, more generally, an opinion or explanation.” Colin McIntosh (ed.), Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 4th ed., (Cambridge University Press, 2013), p. 1626.
- 15.
An idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain something about life or the world, especially an idea that has not yet proved to be true. General principles and ideas about a subject.
- 16.
“One or more ideas explain how or why something happen; a set of basic principles on which a specific subject is based; and what you believe to be true but you have no evidence.” MacMillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners, 2nd ed., (MacMillan Education, 2007), p. 1551.
- 17.
“A set of formal ideas intended to explain things; your own notions of things that you cannot prove but consider to be real; the theory of a practical subject or a technique is the set of rules and principles that form the basis of it.” Collins Cobuild Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary (8th ed., Harper Collins Publishers, 2014), p. 1621.
- 18.
“A system of rules, procedures, and assumptions used to produce a result. Abstract knowledge or reasoning. A speculative or conjectural view or idea. An ideal or hypothetical situation. A set of hypotheses related by logical or mathematical arguments to explain and predict a wide variety of connected phenomena in general terms. The non-technical name of hypothetic.” Collins English Dictionary, 12th ed., (Harper Collins Publishers, 2014), p. 2040.
- 19.
“An explanation or system of anything. An exposition of the abstract principles of a science or art. An idea or explanation that has not been proved, a conjecture. A speculation as opposed to practice. A ideal, hypothetical or abstract reasoning.” The Chambers Dictionary, 13th ed., (Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd., 2014), p. 1618.
- 20.
“A coherent group of general proposition used as principles of explanation for a class of phenomena. A proposed explanation whose status is still conjectural, in contrast to well established propositions that are regarded as reporting matters of actual fact. A body of principles, theorems, or the like belonging to one subject. The branch of a science or art that deals with its principles or methods, as distinguished from its practice. A particular conception or view of something to be done or of the method of doing it; a system of rules or principles. Contemplation or speculation. Guess of conjecture.” The Random House Dictionary of the English Language, (2nd ed., Random House, 1987), p. 1967.
- 21.
“A set of statements or principles devised to explain a group of facts or phenomena, especially one that has been repeatedly tested or is widely accepted and can be used to make predictions about natural phenomena. The branch of a science or art consisting of its explanatory statements, accepted principles, and methods of analysis, as opposed to practice. A set of theorems that constitute a systematic view of a branch of mathematics. Abstract reasoning, speculation. A belief or principle that guides action or assists comprehension or judgment. An assumption based on limited information or knowledge.” The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th ed., (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011), p. 1805.
- 22.
Edmund Weiner and John Simpson (eds.), The Oxford English Dictionary, (Oxford University Press, 1989, vol. XVII), p. 902.
A similar but somewhat curtailed one is the Oxford English Dictionary (Compendium), which is the dictionary frequently cited by the WTO Dispute Settlement Body when it came to understanding concepts, and it adopts the (2), (3), (4), (5), and (6) items here. Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles, 6th ed., (Oxford University Press, 2007), vol. II, p. 3233.
- 23.
“1. Imaginative contemplation of reality: direct intellectual apprehension: insight. 2 a: a belief, policy, or procedure proposed or followed as the basis of action: a principle or plan of action. b: an ideal or hypothetical set of facts, principles, or circumstances (often used in the phrase in theory). 3 a (1): the body of generalizations and principles developed in association with practice in a field of activity (as medicine, music) and forming its content as an intellectual discipline: pure as distinguished from applied art or science. (2): the coherent set of hypothetical, conceptual, and pragmatic principles forming the general frame of reference for a field of inquiry (as for deducing principles, formulating hypotheses for testing, undertaking actions). (3): a body of mathematical theorems presenting a clear, rounded, and systematic view of a subject. b: abstract knowledge. c (1): a field of intellectual inquiry. (2): a systematic analysis, elucidation, or definition of a concept. 4: a judgment, conception, proposition, or formula (as relating to the nature, action, cause, or origin of a phenomenon or group of phenomena) formed by speculation or deduction or by abstraction and generalization from facts: as a: a hypothetical entity or structure explaining or relating an observed set of facts. b: a working hypothesis given probability by experimental evidence ot by factual or conceptual analysis but not conclusively established or accepted as a law. 5: something taken for granted esp. on trivial or inadequate grounds: conjecture, speculation, supposition.” Webster’s Third New World International Dictionary of the English Language (Unabridged), 5th ed., (Merrian Webster Inc., 2002), p. 2371.
- 24.
Mao Zedong, “Theory of Practice”, Selected Works of Mao Zedong (People’s Publishing House, 1964), p. 269.
- 25.
Lu Xun, “The Grave • The End of Spring Talk,” Complete Works of Lu Xun, (People’s Literature Publishing House, 2005), Vol. 1, p. 215.
- 26.
In previous years’ work reports of the National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the National People’s Congress and the State Council, to a certain extent, China’s dominant international relations and international law concepts have been demonstrated. From a series of historical documents, we can see the viewpoints put forward by China under specific time and space conditions, and, as shown in the NPC reports, related practices.
- 27.
The author’s previous analysis of this issue can be found in Chapter 10: “The Chinese Theory of International Law”, of the Introduction to International Law Philosophy (Social Sciences Literature Press, 2013), and Chapter 9: “Chinese Position of the International Rule of Law”, of A View of the International Rule of Law (Peking University Press, 2016).
- 28.
Article 38, Paragraph 1, Item 3 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice.
- 29.
Article 38, Paragraph 2 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice.
- 30.
Hans Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, edited by Kenneth Thompson and David Clinton, 7th ed., (McGraw-Hill, 2005), p. 286.
- 31.
Wang Tieya, Introduction to International Law (Peking University Press, 1998), pp. 252–253.
- 32.
The exceptionalism of the United States, the former Soviet Union, and China as major powers precisely demonstrated the advancing significance of the compromise of a big country’s own will for the universality of international law. Anu Bradford & Eric A. Posner, “Universal Exceptionalism in International Law,” 52 Harvard International Law Journal 1 (2011).
- 33.
The Anthology of Marx and Engels (People’s Publishing House, 2009).
- 34.
Wang Tieya (ed.), International Law, (Law Press China, 1981), p. 4; Wang Tieya, Introduction to International Law (Peking University Press, 1998), Preface, p. 2.
- 35.
In many disciplines there are references to “Chinese School”, but the most important discussion comes from the international relations academic community. See Qin Yaqing, “The Core Issues of International Relations Theory and the Generation of Chinese Schools”, Chinese Social Sciences, 2005(3); Qin Yaqing, “The Possibility and Inevitabeility of the Generation of the Chinese School of International Relations Theory”, World Economics and Politics 2006(3); ArmitafAcharya, “Global International Relations and the Chinese School of International Relations Theory: Are They Compatible”, Dong He translated, World Economy and Politics, 2015(2); Wang Zhuoyu, “Conceptual Dilemma of the Construction of ‘China School’: An Analysis Based on Comparative Perspective”, Contemporary Asia-Pacific, 2012 (2); XuTianbo and Xu Jin, “Building a ‘Chinese School’ Must Face History”, World Economy and Politics, 2010(5); GaoShangtao: “Relationshipism and Chinese School”, World Economy and Politics, 2010(8); Ren Xiao: “To take the road of independent development—the ‘Chinese School’ in the debate”, International Politics Study, 2009(2); Zhang Zhizhou, “The Approach of the Chinese School of International Relations - Also On the Policy Essence and Academy Essence of International Issues Research”, International Politics, 2009(3); Yu Zhengliang, “Constructing China’s International Relations Theory and Creating a Chinese School”, Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Philosophy and Social Sciences), 2005(4); Fang Lei, Jin Peng, “The Ontology Cognition of the ‘Chinese School’ of International Relations Theory”, Modern International Relations, 2009(3). As it is generally believed that there exists “British School” in the field of international relations, scholars consider that through independent exploration on the basis of learning, it is possible to form “Chinese School”. Of course, whether this can be truly formed in the field of international relations must be tested in practice. It remains to be seen whether “Chinese school”, or a school named by a certain scholar or a particular area, can be formed in the field of international law.
- 36.
E.g., James Crawford, Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law, 8th ed., (Oxford University Press, 2012); Lori F. Damrosch and Sean D. Murphy, International Law, 6th ed., (West, 2014); Malcolm Evans (ed.), International Law, 4th ed., (Oxford University Press, 2014); Antonio Cassese, International Law, 2nd ed., (Oxford University Press, 2004); Malcolm N. Shaw, International Law, 7th ed., (Cambridge University Press, 2014).
- 37.
China’s comparatively extensively influential international law textbooks include Wang Tieya (ed.), International Law, (Law Press, 1981); Wang Tieya, (ed.), International Law (Law Press, 1995); Liang Xi, (ed.), International Law (3rd ed.) (Wuhan University Press, 2011, Professor Zeng Lingliang presides revision); Shao Jin, (ed.), International Law (5th ed.) (Peking University Press, 2014); Zhou Zhonghai (ed.), International Law (2nd ed.) (China University of Political Science and Law Press, 2013); BaiGuimei: International Law (3rd edition), (Peking University Press, 2015); In addition, the more distinctive textbooks include Zhou Gengsheng, International Law (Wuhan University Press, 2007); Zhang Naigen, Principles of International Law (2nd ed.), (Fudan University Press, 2012); Yang Zewei, International Law (2nd ed.), (Higher Education Press, 2012); Huang Yao, (ed.), International Law, (Peking University Press, 2007); Jia Bingbing, International Public Law: Interpretation and Application in Peacetime (Tsinghua University Press, 2015); He Zhipeng (ed.), International Law (Tsinghua University Press, 2014).
- 38.
Xie Yixing (ed.), History of Contemporary Diplomacy in China (1949–2009) (3rd ed.), (China Youth Press, 2009).
- 39.
Zhou Gengsheng: International Law, Commercial Press, 1976, (Wuhan University Press, 2007).
- 40.
Ni Zhengyu Jurisprudence Collection (Law Press China, 2006), pp. 145–185, pp. 362–398.
- 41.
Mei Ruao: Far East International Military Court, (Law Press China, 2005). Particularly noteworthy is the paper “Improve the Vigilance of International Law Workers - Responding to Mr. Lin Xin’s Cosmopolitan Thought in International Law”, Mei RuaoJurisprudence Collection (China University of Political Science and Law Press, 2007).
- 42.
Li Haopei’s Selected Works (Law Press China, 2000), pp. 515–527, 690–702, 703–713; Li Haopei’s Jurisprudence Collection (Law Press China, 2006), pp. 562–650.
- 43.
Wang Tieya’s Selected Works (China’s University of Political Science and Law Press, 2003), pp. 221–358, 401–404, 485–499.
- 44.
See Chen Jiqiang’s selection of Works: Thesis on International Law (Law Press China, 1985).
- 45.
See QiuHongda: Modern International Law (Revised 2nd ed.) (Sanmin Book Bureau, 2006); Su Yixiong: Peacetime International Law (Revised 4th ed.) (Sanmin Book Bureau, 2007).
- 46.
For example, Chen Zexian, edited: Contemporary Chinese International Law Studies (China Social Science Press, 2010); Xiao Yongping, “China’s Private International Law Review and Prospects for 60 Years”, Journal of Wuhan University (Philosophy and Social Sciences), 2009(6); Zuo Haicong, “China’s Research of International Economic Law: Retrospect and Prospect at the Turn of the Century”, Law Review, 2001(3); He Zhipeng, “Reflection on the Study of Chinese International Law”, The Forum on Politics and Law, 2010(4).
- 47.
See He Zhipeng, “Socialist Theory of International Law with Chinese Characteristics”, Legal System and Social Development, 2013(3); He Zhipeng, “Theory of International Law with Chinese Characteristics: Problems and Improvements”, Journal of East China University of Political Science and Law, 2013(1); Xu Chongli, “Construction of the Socialist Legal System and Jurisprudence System with Chinese Characteristics: Waiting International Law”, Legal System and Social Development, 2009(6); Zhang Wenbin, “International Law: Western Tradition and Chinese Characteristics: Thoughts on Re-reading Zhou Gengsheng’s International Law” Comparative Law Study, 1993(2).
- 48.
See Xu Chongli, “‘Out-of-system State’ Mentality and Poverty in China’s International Law Theory”, The Forum on Politics and Law, 2006(5).
- 49.
What is gratifying is that in recent years, in response to the problems China faced in the United Nations and other diplomatic legal affairs, relevant departments such as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Commerce have started to contact the relevant universities and scientific research institutions to request advice. In this regard, We look forward to the communication of information through a wider range of channels in the future. In this process, the government departments have gained the wisdom of the theoretical research community; the theoretical research community has intuitively felt the legal issues in the diplomatic work—it is a win-win process.
- 50.
Of course, since this dispute is likely to have nothing to do with science (i.e., Popper’s “unable to be unsubstantiated”), it is very likely that long-term conclusions are inconclusive; it is more likely that these issues themselves are problems of the belief level (such as the long-running religious controversies in the West, and even get into wars because of this), and even pseudo-issues (such as the issue of good and evil human nature, it is difficult to make an all-or-nothing answer, but makes many scholars argued for thousands of years).
- 51.
In science, experiments are generally used to prove a limited truth; any interpretation of the rule will be temporary. A broader vision of observation and a new cognitive field will bring about theory’s revision and even subversion. It is so from Aristotle’s mechanics to Galileo’s and Newton’s mechanics, and the same goes from Newtonian mechanics to Einstein’s theory of relativity.
- 52.
See the further explanations later in this book.
- 53.
The textbooks in the field of international law in our country have some deficiencies compared with those in English-speaking countries. Textbooks on international public law such as Ian Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law (7th ed.), (Oxford University Press, 2008); After Professor Brownlie’s death in accident, Professor Crawford undertook the task of revising and updating this book and published the 8th ed. in 2012; James Crawford, Browlie’s Principles of Public International Law, 8th ed., (Oxford University Press, 2012); Malcolm Shaw, International Law (7th ed.), (Cambridge University Press, 2014). Private international law materials such as: Lawrence Collins, C.G.J. Morse, David McClean, Adrian Briggs, Jonathan Harris, Campbell McLachlan, and Jonathan Hill, Dicey, Morris and Collins on the Conflict of Laws (14th ed.), (Sweet & Maxwell, 2008); James Fawcett, JaneenCarruthers, and Peter North, Cheshire, North and Fawcett: Private International Law (14th ed.), (Oxford University Press, 2008); J. G. Collier, Conflict of Laws (3rd ed.), (Cambridge University Press, 2008). International economic law materials such as: Andreas F. Lowenfeld, International Economic Law (2nd ed.), (Oxford University Press, 2008); Asif H. Qureshi and Andreas Ziegler, International Economic Law (2nd ed.), (Sweet & Maxwell, 2007). In comparison, there is a large gap between our country and those countries on the degree of data updating, the overall logic of writing, and the rigor of narrative. In particular, the inheritance of Western classic textbooks has not been achieved by us.
- 54.
For example, regarding the harmony in international relations, Edward Carr once analyzed and refuted in the Twenty Years of Crisis. We must propose newer argumentations to persuade the West to listen to and our view of the harmonious world.
- 55.
In The “Opinions of the Ministry of Education on Deepening the Prosperity and Development of Philosophy and Social Sciences in Colleges and Universities” forwarded by the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council expressly put forward the overall goal of the development of philosophy and social sciences in universities: to build philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics, Chinese style, and Chinese manner as the fundamental tasks, vigorously promote the construction of the socialist core value system, and comprehensively upgrade the ability and level of personnel training, scientific research, social services, cultural heritage and innovation. By 2020, universities will basically build an innovation system of philosophy and social sciences, provide strong support for the construction of the country’s innovation system of philosophy and social sciences, and make new contributions to building a well-to-do society in an all-round way, accelerating socialist modernization and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Focusing on this overall goal, a new round of plans proposes that the philosophy and social sciences of colleges and universities should stress on building eight systems: to construct a discipline system and teaching materials system of philosophy and social science with Chinese characteristics; to construct a platform system for innovation of philosophy and social sciences in colleges and universities; to construct a project system of scientific research with equal emphasis on team tackling research and individual exploring freedom; to construct a social service system for philosophy and social sciences in universities; to construct a research resources supporting system that is convenient, quick and jointly sharing; to construct a talents team system of philosophy and social sciences with rational structure; to construct a modern scientific research management system; to construct a academic mood building work system which combines institutes, supervision, and punishments. At the same time, it is necessary to vigorously implement the “going out” strategic for philosophy and social sciences in universities, and enhance international academic influence.
The key construction contents include: (1) Actively to participate in Marxist theoretical research and construction projects, and with high quality to complete the tasks for the compilation of key teaching materials. To establish a graded training system in central, local, and higher education institutions, conduct in-depth training for teachers of subjects involved in teaching materials, and solidly advance the “three advances” work of the latest achievements in the Sinicization of Marxism. To advance the training of the teaching and research backbone of philosophy and social sciences and the key teachers in ideological and political theory courses, fully implement curriculum construction standards, improve the quality assessment system, and further enhance the teaching level. (2) To promote the construction of the key research bases for humanities and social sciences. To launch implementing a plan for a new round construction of key research bases for humanities and social sciences in colleges and universities. To establish a batch of interdisciplinary key research bases led by problem research, establish a number of liberal arts laboratories, promote innovations in research means and methods of philosophy and social science, and further strengthen the construction of key research bases that are jointly constructed by different ministries or by ministry and province. (3) To strengthen the basic research of philosophy and social sciences. The Ministry of Education will start implementing major mid-term and long-term special projects of basic research of philosophy and social sciences, at the same time increase support for basic research in various projects, provide long-term stable support for high-level teams, and encourage university teachers to carry forward the spirits of “willing of sitting on a cold bench” and “ten years of grinding a sword” to devote to basic research. (4) To strengthen research on the application of philosophical and social sciences, and focus on supporting a group of applicable measure research projects that are based on practice and have an important influence on economic and social development. To focus on the strategic needs of the party and the country, aim at the major issues in the socialist economic construction, political construction, cultural construction, social construction, ecological civilization construction, and party building, and promote the cooperation of colleges and universities with national ministries or local governments to build consulting think tanks. (5) To strengthen the popularization of outstanding achievements in philosophy and social sciences. To support colleges and universities to open up a “famous teachers’ lecture hall at colleges and universities” for the society, and launch the “social movements of academic famous experts in universities” activity. To implement the “University Philosophy and Social Science Popularization Project”, organize and mobilize well-known experts to write high-quality social science popular reading materials, actively propagate the outstanding achievements of philosophy and social sciences to the public, promote excellent traditional culture, and disseminate scientific theories. (6) To promote excellent achievements in philosophy and social sciences and outstanding talents to go to the world. To implement “Contemporary Chinese Academic Excellence Collection Plan” to translate, publish, and promote high-level research results and high-quality works. To support colleges and universities to explore cooperatively establishing a group of overseas Chinese academic research centers in foreign countries, Hong Kong and Macao, focus on constructing of a number of outstanding foreign language academic websites and academic journals, and focus on building a number of international issues research institutions. (7) To strengthen the basic support and information construction of philosophy and social sciences. To focus on constructing a number of special databases on social surveys, statistical analysis, basic documents, and case integration in institutions of higher education, strengthen the interface with existing information service agencies, and promote the co-construction and sharing of information resources for philosophy and social science research. To further strengthen the construction of humanities and social sciences literature center in China’s universities and colleges, and provide literature guarantee for teaching and scientific research. (8) To conduct awards and commendations for outstanding achievements in philosophy and social sciences. Continually to organize and carry out awards and commendations activities on the Outstanding Achievements in Scientific Research in Colleges and Universities (Humanities and Social Sciences), fully play the incentive and guidance role of the awards, and enhance the sense of mission and honor of higher school philosophical and social scientists.
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He, Z., Sun, L. (2020). Why a Chinese Theory of International Law Is Necessary. In: A Chinese Theory of International Law. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2882-8_2
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