Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pharmacy Practice and Policy Research in Pakistan: A Review of Literature Between 2014 and 2019

  • Chapter
Book cover Global Pharmaceutical Policy

Abstract

Globally, there is no single representative policy directing pharmacy practice, and different nations show divergences in ongoing pharmaceutical policy and practice. Pharmacy practice and policy research is very important for any nation as it helps to drive the profession forward. This is even more important in developing nations where the health systems require a degree of strengthening to allow pharmacy to operate to its maximum potential. This chapter includes an analysis of what has been studied in Pakistan with regard to pharmacy practice and policy research over the period 2014–2019. This chapter follows a systematic approach to ensure that all the appropriate literature is included. Likewise, the analytic process followed an accepted approach and generated seven interesting domains of study that have occurred over a five-year period. These domains include drug utilization patterns and irrational practices, pharmacovigilance (PV) and adverse drug reaction reporting, community pharmacy practices, emerging role of pharmacists, access to medicines, the concept of generic medicines and practice-based research.

It is interesting to see the umbrella of pharmacy practice and policy research extending from the traditional pharmacists’ role of dispensing, distribution, and administration to emerging research areas such as pharmaceutical care (PC), PV and medication therapy management (MTM). This has been occurring in developed nations for the past few decades, and it is not without its challenges. This chapter outlines the need to continue developing the research agenda around pharmacy practice and policy in Pakistan to support the ongoing lobby for improved practice. Without this evidence, it is difficult to engage key local and international stakeholders to push forward with what the future should look like for pharmacy services in Pakistan.

Electronic Supplementary Material: The online version of this chapter (https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2724-1_6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abbas, A. & Khan, N. 2014. Clinical trials involving pharmacists in Pakistan’s healthcare system: A leap from paper to practice. Pharmacy, 2, 244–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad, H., Khalid, M. & Hudebia, A. B. 2017. Healthcare System Of Pakistan. Int J Advanced Res Public.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed, A., Tanveer, M., Siddiqui, A. & Khan, G. M. 2018. Bridging the Gap for Clinical Pharmacist in Developing Countries like Pakistan. J Coll Physic Surg Pak, 28, 229–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akl, O. A., El Mahalli, A. A., Elkahky, A. A. & Salem, A. M. 2014. WHO/INRUD drug use indicators at primary healthcare centers in Alexandria, Egypt. J Taibah Uni Med Sci, 9, 54–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Tamimi, S. K., Hassali, M. A., Shafie, A. A. & Aa, A. L. 2016. The need to incorporate generic medicines topic in the curriculum of Yemeni pharmacy colleges. Int J Pharm Pract, 24, 72–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alefan, Q., Amairi, R. & Tawalbeh, S. 2018. Availability, prices and affordability of selected essential medicines in Jordan: a national survey. BMC Health Serv Res, 18, 787.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anand, O., Yu, L. X., Conner, D. P. & Davit, B. M. 2011. Dissolution Testing for Generic Drugs: An FDA Perspective. The AAPS Journal, 13, 328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asghar, S., Atif, M., Mushtaq, I., Malik, I. & Hayat, K. 2019. Factors associated with inappropriate dispensing of antibiotics among non-pharmacist pharmacy workers. Res Soc Admin Pharm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asif, U., Saleem, Z., Yousaf, M., Saeed, H., Hashmi, F. K. & Hassali, M. A. 2017. Exploring the knowledge and attitude of medical and pharmacy students about generic medicine in Lahore, Pakistan. J Generic Med, 14, 22–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aslam, F. 2019. Role of Community Pharmacies in Rational use of Medicines: A Scenario in Pakistan. J Pharm Pract Comm Med, 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aslam, N. & Ahmed, K. Z. 2011. Clinical Pharmacy Clerkship in Pakistan: A leap from paper to practice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aslam, N., Bushra, R. & Khan, M. U. 2012. Community pharmacy practice in Pakistan. Arch Pharm Pract, 3, 297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atif, M., Ahmad, M., Saleem, Q., Curley, L. & Qamar-Uz-Zaman, M. 2017. Pharmaceutical policy in Pakistan. Pharmaceutical Policy in Countries with Developing Healthcare Systems. Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atif, M., Arslan, B., Quratulain, S., Zainab, A., Aminah, N., Sonia, A., Azeem, M., Sarwar, M. R. & Chioma, S. 2016a. Knowledge, attitude, and practices of health care professionals regarding pharmacovigilance in Pakistan. Value in Health, 19, A278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atif, M., Asghar, S., Mushtaq, I. & Malik, I. 2019a. Community pharmacists as antibiotic stewards: A qualitative study exploring the current status of Antibiotic Stewardship Program in Bahawalpur, Pakistan. J Inf Public Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atif, M., Asghar, S., Mushtaq, I., Malik, I., Amin, A., Babar, Z.-U.-D. & Scahill, S. 2019b. What drives inappropriate use of antibiotics? A mixed methods study from Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Infect Drug Resist, 12, 687–699.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atif, M., Azeem, M., Sarwar, M. R., Shahid, S., Javaid, S., Ikram, H., Baig, U. & Scahill, S. 2016b. WHO/INRUD prescribing indicators and prescribing trends of antibiotics in the Accident and Emergency Department of Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Pakistan. SpringerPlus, 5, 1928–1928.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atif, M., Malik, I., Dawoud, D., Gilani, A., Ahmed, N. & Babar, Z.-U.-D. 2019c. Essential Medicine List, Policies, and the World Health Organization. In: BABAR, Z.-U.-D. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy. Oxford: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atif, M., Malik, I., Mushtaq, I. & Asghar, S. 2019d. Medicines shortages in Pakistan: a qualitative study to explore current situation, reasons and possible solutions to overcome the barriers. BMJ Open, 9, e027028.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atif, M., Rasheed, W., Mushtaq, I., Malik, I., Kanwal, S. & Qamar-Uz-Zaman, M. 2019e. Medication Related Knowledge and Practices Among Patients Attending Pharmacies in Bahawalpur, Pakistan: a Cross-Sectional Study Lat. Am. J. Pharm, 38, 1404–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Atif, M., Sarwar, M. R., Azeem, M., Umer, D., Rauf, A., Rasool, A., Ahsan, M. & Scahill, S. 2016c. Assessment of WHO/INRUD core drug use indicators in two tertiary care hospitals of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. J Pharm Policy Pract, 9, 27–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Awaisu, A. & Alsalimy, N. 2015. Pharmacists’ involvement in and attitudes toward pharmacy practice research: A systematic review of the literature. Res Social Adm Pharm, 11, 725–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azhar, S., Hassali, M. & Ibrahim, M. 2010. Doctors’ perception and expectations of the role of the pharmacist in Punjab, Pakistan. Trop J Pharm Res, 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azhar, S., Hassali, M. A., Ibrahim, M. I. M., Ahmad, M., Masood, I. & Shafie, A. A. 2009. The role of pharmacists in developing countries: the current scenario in Pakistan. Human Resources for Health, 7, 54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azhar, S., Hassali, M. A. & Ibrahim, M. M. 2011. Perceptions of hospital pharmacist’s role in Pakistan’s healthcare system: a cross-sectional survey. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azhar, S., Kousar, R., Khan, S. A. & Murtaza, G. 2016. Evolving Scenario Of Pharmaceutical Care In Pakistan And Other Countries: Health Impact Assessment In Public Health Practice. Acta poloniae pharmaceutica, 73, 1101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aziz, M., Ji, W., Masood, I., Farooq, M., Malik, M., Chang, J., Jiang, M., Atif, N. & Fang, Y. 2018a. Patient Satisfaction with Community Pharmacies Services: A Cross-Sectional Survey from Punjab; Pakistan. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15, 2914.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aziz, M. M., Jiang, M., Masood, I., Chang, J., Shan, Z., Raza, M. A., Ji, W., Yang, C. & Fang, Y. 2019a. Patients’ Anticipation for the Pharmacies of Rural Communities: A Qualitative Study from Pakistan. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 16, 143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aziz, M. M., Masood, I., Yousaf, M., Saleem, H., Ye, D. & Fang, Y. 2018b. Pattern of medication selling and self-medication practices: A study from Punjab, Pakistan. PLoS One, 13, e0194240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aziz, M. M., Yang, S., Masood, I., Zhu, S., Raza, M. A., Ji, W., Anwar, N., Saeed, A. & Fang, Y. 2019b. An assessment of counseling quality provided by community pharmacies to type 2 diabetic adult patients for oral therapy: a simulated patient study from Pakistan. Endocrine J, EJ18-0429.

    Google Scholar 

  • Babar, Z. U. & Jamshed, S. 2008. Social pharmacy strengthening clinical pharmacy: why pharmaceutical policy research is needed in Pakistan? Pharm World Sci, 30, 617–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakken, S., Lantigua, R. A., Busacca, L. V. & Bigger, J. T. 2009. Barriers, enablers, and incentives for research participation: a report from the Ambulatory Care Research Network (ACRN). J Am Board Fam Med, 22, 436–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birenbaum, A. 1982. Reprofessionalization in pharmacy. Soc Sci Med, 16, 871–878.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, A. & Laing, R. Cost savings of switching private sector consumption from originator brand medicines to generic equivalents. World health report, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chisholm, M. A. & Hawkins, D. W. 1996. Analysis of Pharmacotherapy Recommendations Provided by Doctor of Pharmacy Clerkship Students. J Pharm Teach, 5, 3–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruz Rivera, S., Kyte, D. G., Aiyegbusi, O. L., Keeley, T. J. & Calvert, M. J. 2017. Assessing the impact of healthcare research: A systematic review of methodological frameworks. PLoS Med, 14, e1002370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desselle, S. P. 2005. The birth of research in social & administrative pharmacy: a sincere welcome to subscribers, readers, and authors. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 1, 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Babar, Z.-U. 2006. Pakistan’s National University of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Am J Pharmaceutica Edu, 70, 123–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fakeye, T. O., Adisa, R., Olukotun, R. T. & Morawo, P. K. 2017a. Hospital and community pharmacists’ perception of the scope, barriers and challenges of pharmacy practice-based research in Nigeria. Pharmacy Practice (Granada), 15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fakeye, T. O., Adisa, R., Olukotun, R. T. & Morawo, P. K. 2017b. Hospital and community pharmacists’ perception of the scope, barriers and challenges of pharmacy practice-based research in Nigeria. Pharmacy practice, 15, 881–881.

    Google Scholar 

  • Government of Pakistan 2018. National Essential Medicines List 2018. Islamabad.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haq, N. U., Riaz, S. & Nasim, A. 2017. Pharmacy without pharmacist: Body without soul. Arch Pharm Pract, 8, 84–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hashmi, F. K., Hassali, M. A., Khalid, A., Saleem, F., Aljadhey, H., Babar, Z. U. D. & Bashaar, M. 2017. A qualitative study exploring perceptions and attitudes of community pharmacists about extended pharmacy services in Lahore, Pakistan. BMC Health Serv Res, 17, 500–500.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hashmi, F. K. & Saleem, F. 2017. Pharmacy practice in Pakistan: The Catch-22 continues. Research in social & administrative pharmacy: RSAP, 14, 213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hepler, C. D. 1993. Pharmaceutical care and specialty practice. Pharmacother, 13, 64S–69S.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hepler, C. D. 1996. Pharmaceutical care. Pharm World Sci, 18, 233–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hepler, C. D. & Strand, L. M. 1990. Opportunities and responsibilities in pharmaceutical care. Am J Hosp Pharm, 47, 533–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Husnain, S. Z., Bukhari, N. I., Hussain, K. & Saleem, Z. 2018. Inappropriateness of medication use and associated health risks: A cross-sectional study from Pakistan. Trop J Pharm Res, 17, 715–721.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussain, R. & Hassali, M. A. 2019. Current status and future prospects of pharmacovigilance in Pakistan. J Pharm Policy Pract, 12, 14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussain, R., Hassali, M. A., Hashmi, F. & Farooqui, M. 2018. A qualitative exploration of knowledge, attitudes and practices of hospital pharmacists towards adverse drug reaction reporting system in Lahore, Pakistan. J Pharm Policy Pract, 11, 16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim, A. H., Jose, D. & Jegan, R. 2012. Pharmacists in the Wider Public Health Workforce-A Review. Arch Pharm Pract, 3, 166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iffat, W., Shakeel, S., Naseem, S., Imam, S. & Khan, M. 2014. Attitudinal survey to assess medical and dental students’ belief of ADR reporting in Pakistan. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, 6, 279–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imaduddin. 2014. Govt promoting sale of effective, quality of generic drugs: NA told. Business Recorder.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inamullah, K., Najm Ul Hassan, K., Momina, N., Kishwar, S. & Ossam, C. 2017. Analyzing The Perception Level Of General Public & Other Health Care Professionals About The Pharmacist & Its Role In The Community Of Abbottabad & Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Int J Basic Med Sci Pharm, 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Pharmaceutical Federation 2000. International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) Statement of Policy on good pharmacy education and practice. The Hague, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Pharmaceutical Federation 2017. Research, development and evaluation strategies for pharmaceutical education and the workforce: a global report. In: BADER, L. R. & BATES, I. (eds.). The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamshed, S., Babar, Z. U. D., Ibrahim, M. I. M. & Hassali, M. A. A. 2009. Generic Medicines As A Way To Improve Access And Affordability: A Proposed Framework For Pakistan. J Clin Diagnostic Res, 3, 1596–1600.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamshed, S., Hassali, M., Ibrahim, M., Shafie, A. & Babar, Z. 2010. Knowledge, perception and attitude of community pharmacists towards generic medicines in Karachi, Pakistan: a qualitative insight. Trop J Pharm Res, 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamshed, S. Q., Ibrahim, M. I., Hassali, M. A., Sharrad, A. K., Shafie, A. A. & Babar, Z. U. 2015. Understanding and perceptions of final-year Doctor of Pharmacy students about generic medicines in Karachi, Pakistan: a quantitative insight. Adv Med Educ Pract, 6, 359–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamshed, S. Q., Malik, M. A., Löfgren, H. & Gilani, A.-H. 2013. The pharmaceutical industry, intellectual property rights and access to medicines in Pakistan. The New Political Economy of Pharmaceuticals. Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, W. A., Ritz, L. S., Vitello, M. & Wirtz, V. J. 2012. Policies to promote use of generic medicines in low and middle income countries: a review of published literature, 2000–2010. Health policy, 106, 211–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, A., Iqbal, Q., Haider, S., Khalid, A., Hassali, M. A. & Saleem, F. 2019. Acute Diarrheal Management in Adults: A Simulated Client Study at Community Pharmacies of Quetta City, Pakistan. J Pharm Pract Comm Med, 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, E. A. 2018. Situation Analysis Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in Pakistan. Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, G. M. Integrating Clinical Pharmacy Education, Practice & Research: Bridging the Gap. 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, T., Ahmed, K. M. & Anwar, M. 2011. A perspective for clinical pharmacy curriculum development and validation in Asian developing nations. J Young Pharm, 3, 151–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiani, A., Qadeer, A., Mirza, Z., Khanum, A., Tisocki, K. & Mustafa, T. 2006. Prices, availability and affordability of medicines in Pakistan. Geneva: Health Action International (HAI).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kmet, L. M., Lee, R. C. & Cook, L. S. 2004. Standard quality assessment criteria for evaluating primary research papers from a variety of fields. Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research Edmonton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kongkaew, C., Noyce, P. R. & Ashcroft, D. M. 2008. Hospital admissions associated with adverse drug reactions: a systematic review of prospective observational studies. Ann Pharmacother, 42, 1017–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koshman, S. L. & Blais, J. 2011. What is pharmacy research? The Canadian journal of hospital pharmacy, 64, 154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macleod, M. R., Michie, S., Roberts, I., Dirnagl, U., Chalmers, I., Ioannidis, J. P., Al-Shahi Salman, R., Chan, A. W. & Glasziou, P. 2014. Biomedical research: increasing value, reducing waste. Lancet, 383, 101–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahmood, K. T., Amin, F., Tahir, M. & Haq, I. U. 2011. Pharmacovigilance-A need for best patient care in Pakistan. A review. J Pharm Sci Res, 3, 1566.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malik, I. 2019. Lack of female pharmacist leadership and struggling pharmacy profession: A call to action. Res Soc Admin Pharm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malik, I., Atif, M., Riaz, F., Asghar, S. & AHMAD, N. 2019a. Pediatric Antibiotic Pack Size Compliance With the Dosage Regimen: A Descriptive Study. Ther Innov Regul Sci, 2168479019853770.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malik, I., Ikram, H. & Rafiq, S. 2019b. 71st anniversary of pharmacy profession in Pakistan: Why pharmacists’ are still flying under the radar? Res Social Adm Pharm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malik, M., Amin, A. & Hussain, A. 2018. A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study Exploring Perceptions and Attitude of Pharmacists towards Adverse Drug Reporting in Pakistan. Int J Pharmacovigil, 3, 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Society of Pakistan. 2014. Antibiotic Stewardship Initiative In Pakistan (ASIP) [Online]. Available: http://www.mmidsp.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/ANTIBIOTIC-STEWARDSHIP-INITIATIVE-IN-PAKISTAN.pdf.

  • Memon, A. R. 2017. Research publications and education in Pakistani medical universities: Avoiding predatory journals and improving the quality of research. J Pak Med Assoc, 67, 830–833.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohamad Azmi H, Asrul Akmal S & Chua GN 2013. A National Survey On The Use Of Medicines (NSUM) By Malaysian Consumers, Malaysia, Quality Use of Medicines: Pharmaceutical Services Division

    Google Scholar 

  • Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J. & Altman, D. G. 2009. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Internal Me, 151, 264–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munroe, W. P., Kunz, K., Dalmady-Israel, C., Potter, L. & Schonfeld, W. H. 1997. Economic evaluation of pharmacist involvement in disease management in a community pharmacy setting. Clin ther, 19, 113–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishtar, S. 2012. Pakistan’s deadly cocktail of substandard drugs. The Lancet, 379, 1084–1085.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ofori-Asenso, R., Brhlikova, P. & Pollock, A. M. 2016. Prescribing indicators at primary health care centers within the WHO African region: a systematic analysis (1995–2015). BMC Public Health, 16, 724.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okonta, J. M., Okonta, E. O. & Ofoegbu, T. C. 2012. Barriers to Implementation of Pharmaceutical Care by Pharmacists in Nsukka and Enugu metropolis of Enugu State. J Basic Clin Pharm, 3, 295–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Organization, W. H. 2003. Guide to Good Storage Practices for Pharmaceuticals. WHO Technical Report Series,. World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabbani, F., Cheema, F., Talati, N., Siddiqui, S., Syed, S., Bashir, S., Zuberi, L., Shamim, A. & Mumtaz, Q. 2001. Behind the counter: pharmacies and dispensing patterns of pharmacy attendants in Karachi. J Pak Med Assoc, 51, 149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahim, N. & Usmani, S. 2012. Physicians’ opinion about the role of pharmacist in the health care system of Pakistan. Int J, 3, 257–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rashid, H. 2015. Impact of the drug regulatory authorityPakistan: An evaluation. New Visions Public Affairs, 7, 50–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rehman, I., Asad, M., Bukhsh, A., Ali, Z., Ata, H., Dujaili, J., Blebil, A. & Khan, T. 2018. Knowledge and practice of pharmacists toward antimicrobial stewardship in Pakistan. Pharmacy, 6, 116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riaz, H., Godman, B., Bashir, S., Hussain, S., Mahmood, S., Waseem, D., Malik, F. & Raza, S. A. 2016a. Evaluation of drug use indicators for non-communicable diseases in Pakistan. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica ñ Drug Res, 18, 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riaz, H., Godman, B., Bashir, S., Hussain, S., Mahmood, S., Waseem, D., Malik, F. & Raza, S. A. 2016b. Evaluation of drug use indicators for non-communicable diseases in Pakistan. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica ñ Drug Research, 18, 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, G. W. & Bernard, H. R. 2003. Techniques to identify themes. Field methods, 15, 85–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, K., Bissell, P., Anderson, C., Traulsen, J. M. & Sleath, B. 2007. Teaching social sciences to undergraduate pharmacy students: an international survey. Pharmacy Education, 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sachs, J. D. & McArthur, J. W. 2005. The millennium project: a plan for meeting the millennium development goals. The Lancet, 365, 347–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadek, M. M., Elnour, A. A., Al Kalbani, N. M. S., Bhagavathula, A. S., Baraka, M. A., Aziz, A. M. A. & SHEHAB, A. 2016. Community pharmacy and the extended community pharmacist practice roles: The UAE experiences. Saudi Pharm J, 24, 563–570.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saeed, A., Saeed, H., Saleem, Z. & Fang, Y. 2019a. Evaluation of prices, availability and affordability of essential medicines in Lahore Division, Pakistan: A cross-sectional survey using WHO/HAI methodology. PloS one, 14, e0216122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saeed, A., Saeed, H., Saleem, Z., Fang, Y. & Babar, Z.-U.-D. 2019b. Evaluation of prices, availability and affordability of essential medicines in Lahore Division, Pakistan: A cross-sectional survey using WHO/HAI methodology. PLOS ONE, 14, e0216122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saini, B., Brillant, M., Filipovska, J., Gelgor, L., Mitchell, B., Rose, G. & Smith, L. 2005. Recruitment and retention of community pharmacists in pharmacy practice research. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney Sydney, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saqib, A., Iftikhar, S. & Sarwar, M. R. 2018. Availability and affordability of biologic versus non-biologic anticancer medicines: a cross-sectional study in Punjab, Pakistan. BMJ open, 8, e019015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarwar, M. R., Atif, M., Scahill, S., Saqib, A., Qamar-Uz-Zaman, M. & Babar, Z. 2017. Drug utilization patterns among elderly hospitalized patients on poly-pharmacy in Punjab, Pakistan. J Pharm Policy Pract, 10, 23–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarwar, M. R., Iftikhar, S. & Saqib, A. 2018a. Availability of anticancer medicines in public and private sectors, and their affordability by low, middle and high-income class patients in Pakistan. BMC cancer, 18, 14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarwar, M. R., Saqib, A., Iftikhar, S. & Sadiq, T. 2018b. Knowledge of community pharmacists about antibiotics, and their perceptions and practices regarding antimicrobial stewardship: a cross-sectional study in Punjab, Pakistan. Infection and drug resistance, 11, 133–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarwar, M. R., Saqib, A., Riaz, T., Aziz, H., Arafat, M. & Nouman, H. 2018c. Attitude, perception, willingness, motivation and barriers to practice-based research: A cross-sectional survey of hospital pharmacists in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PloS one, 13, e0203568–e0203568.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scahill, S. L., Atif, M. & Babar, Z. U. 2017. Defining pharmacy and its practice: a conceptual model for an international audience. Integrated pharmacy research & practice, 6, 121–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shabbir Hussain. 2019. DRAP approves 15% increase in medicine prices. THE EXPRESS TRIBUNE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shahnaz, G. 2014. Pharmaceutical Situation Assessment – LEVEL II Health Facilities Survey in Pakistan. Pakistan: Ministry of National Health Services, Regulation and Coordination

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaikh, B. T. & Rabbani, F. 2004. The district health system: a challenge that remains. East Mediterr Health J, 10, 208–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shakeel, S., Iffat, W., Anjum, F., Bushra, R., Ibrahim, S. & Shafiq, S. 2014. Emerging need of pharmacovigilance: perspectives of future pharmacist in Pakistan. Int J Pharm Teach Pract, 5, 966–969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharif, H., Sharif, S. & Zaighum, I. 2016. Reasons of brand switching and preference in prescription medicines: A comparison between physicians and pharmacists of Karachi. Pharm Innovat, 5, 99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shet, A., Sundaresan, S. & Forsberg, B. C. 2015. Pharmacy-based dispensing of antimicrobial agents without prescription in India: appropriateness and cost burden in the private sector. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 4, 55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, S. H., Johnson, J. A., Biggs, C., Biggs, R. S., Kuntz, A., Semchuk, W., Taylor, J. G., Farris, K. B. & Tsuyuki, R. T. 2001. Practice-based research: lessons from community pharmacist participants. Pharmacotherapy, 21, 731–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, F. 2009. The quality of private pharmacy services in low and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Pharm World Sci, 31, 351–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sultana, K., Al Jeraisy, M., Al Ammari, M., Patel, R. & Zaidi, S. T. 2016. Attitude, barriers and facilitators to practice-based research: cross-sectional survey of hospital pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. J Pharm Policy Pract, 9, 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Syed, A., Azhar, S., Raza, M. M., Saeed, H. & Jamshed, S. Q. 2018. Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Barriers towards Pharmacovigilance among Physicians and Pharmacists of Abbottabad, Pakistan. Pharmacy, 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Umair Khan, M., Ahmad, A., Ejaz, A., Ata Rizvi, S., Sardar, A., Hussain, K., Zaffar, T. & Q Jamshed, S. 2015. Comparison of the knowledge, attitudes, and perception of barriers regarding adverse drug reaction reporting between pharmacy and medical students in Pakistan. J Edu Evaluation Health Prof, 12, 28–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiedenmayer, K., Summers, R. S., Mackie, C. A., Gous, A. G., Everard, M., Tromp, D. & Organization, W. H. 2006. Developing pharmacy practice: a focus on patient care: handbook. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. 2002. WHO Drug Information.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization 2004. The World Medicines Situation. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization,.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization 2014. PHARMACEUTICAL SITUATION ASSESSMENT – LEVEL II Health Facilities Survey in PAKISTAN Islamabad.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization 2016. National Health Vision Pakistan 2016–2025. Country Planning Cycle Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization 2017. Joint external evaluation of IHR core capacities of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan: mission report: 27 April-6 May 2016 World Health Organization,.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yee, G. C. & Haas, C. E. 2014. Standards of practice for clinical pharmacists: the time has come. Pharmacotherapy, 34, 769–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaidi, S., Bigdeli, M., Aleem, N. & Rashidian, A. 2013. Access to essential medicines in Pakistan: policy and health systems research concerns. PloS one, 8, e63515.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan

    Iram Malik & Muhammad Atif

  2. School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

    Shane L. Scahill

  3. Centre for Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice Research, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK

    Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar

Authors
  1. Iram Malik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Muhammad Atif
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Shane L. Scahill
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice Research, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK

    Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Malik, I., Atif, M., Scahill, S.L., Babar, ZUD. (2020). Pharmacy Practice and Policy Research in Pakistan: A Review of Literature Between 2014 and 2019. In: Babar, ZUD. (eds) Global Pharmaceutical Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2724-1_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2724-1_6

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-15-2723-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-15-2724-1

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation