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Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms of Abiotic Stress Tolerance

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Plant Ecophysiology and Adaptation under Climate Change: Mechanisms and Perspectives II

Abstract

Changes in the climate have dramatically increased the incidence of abiotic stress in plants, thus limiting their optimum growth, production, and metabolism. Plants have numerous adaptive tolerance or resistant mechanisms to acclimatize with the changes in the environment like drought, salinity, heat, flood, cold/freeze, ultraviolet (UV), and heavy metal stress. Plant adaptation to stress is strictly attributed to a paragon of biochemical and molecular crossroads. Moreover, it mainly relies on molecular stress signaling network involving stress perception, signal transduction, modulation of stress-related gene expression, and change in the metabolite profile. Adaptive stress tolerance mechanisms involve adjustment of hormonal balance, synthesis of stress proteins, activation of antioxidant defense mechanism, reconfiguration of the metabolite accumulation, and restructuring of cellular membrane. Apart from innate adaptive responses, several advance strategies including breeding and bioengineering are being used to combat abiotic stresses in the plants. In the given chapter, plant molecular and biochemical responses have been reviewed and discussed with respect to various crop plants to impart better understanding of tolerance mechanisms under abiotic stress.

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Abbreviations

ABA:

Abscisic acid

ABRE:

ABA-responsive elements

ADC:

Arginine decarboxylase

AP2:

Apetala 2

APX:

Ascorbate peroxidase

AREB/ABFs:

ABRE-binding protein/ABRE-binding factors

Arg:

Arginine

AsA:

Ascorbic acid

AsA-GSH cycle:

Ascorbate-glutathione cycle

BADH:

Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase

bHLH:

Basic helix-loop-helix

bZIP:

Basic leucine zipper

C2H2 ZF:

Cys2Hizinc fingers

Ca2+:

Calcium ions

CaMs:

Calmodulins

CAT:

Catalase

CBF:

C-repeat/DRE-binding factor

CBL:

Calcineurin B-like proteins

CcaMKs:

Calmodulin-dependent protein kinases

CDPKs:

Ca2+-dependent protein kinases

CMO:

Choline monooxygenase

COR:

Cold responsive

Cys:

Cysteine

dcSAM:

Decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine

DHAR:

Dehydroascorbate reductase

DRE/CRT:

Dehydration-responsive element/C-repeat

DREB 2:

DRE-/CRT-binding protein 2

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

ET:

Ethylene

GB:

Glycine betaine

GHR:

Guard cell hydrogen peroxidase resistant

gi-3:

Gigantea

GLR:

Glutamate-like receptor

GPX:

Guaiacol peroxidase

GR:

Glutathione reductase

GRF7:

Growth-regulating factor 7

GSH:

Glutathione

GSTs:

Glutathione S-transferases

H2O2:

Hydrogen peroxide

ICE1:

Inducer of CBF expression 1

JA:

Jasmonic acid

M6PR:

Mannose-6P reductase

MAPKs:

Mitogen-activated protein kinases

MDA:

Malonyldialdehyde

MDHA:

Monodehydroascorbate

MDHAR:

Monodehydroascorbate reductase

mtlD:

Mannitol-1P dehydrogenase

MYB:

Myeloblastosis oncogene regulon

NADPH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen

O2•−:

Superoxide radical

OAT:

Orn-δ-aminotransferase

ODC:

Ornithine decarboxylase

OH−:

Hydroxyl radical

Orn:

Ornithine

OSCA1 :

Reduced hyperosmolality-induced calcium increase 1

OST1:

SnRK2 open stomata 1

P5CDH:

P5C dehydrogenase

P5CR:

Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase

P5CS:

Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase

PA:

Polyamines

PDH:

Proline dehydrogenase

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

POD:

Peroxidases

PP2Cs:

Protein phosphatase 2Cs

Put:

Putrescine

RbohF:

Respiratory burst oxidase protein

RLKs:

Receptor-like kinases

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

R-SOH:

Sulfenic form

SA:

Salicylic acid

SnRK2:

SNF1-related kinase 2

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

SOS:

Salt overly sensitive

Spd:

Triaminespermidine

SPDS:

Spd synthase

Spm:

Tetraminespermine

SPMS:

Spm synthase

TFs:

Transcription factors

UV:

Ultraviolet

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  1. Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan

    Maryam Khan, Arooma Jannat, Faiza Munir, Nosheen Fatima & Rabia Amir

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    Mirza Hasanuzzaman

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Khan, M., Jannat, A., Munir, F., Fatima, N., Amir, R. (2020). Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms of Abiotic Stress Tolerance. In: Hasanuzzaman, M. (eds) Plant Ecophysiology and Adaptation under Climate Change: Mechanisms and Perspectives II. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2172-0_9

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