Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a mushroom; traditionally, it has been used from long history of medicinal use in China, Japan, and Korea. The main active constituents of Ganoderma lucidum is ganoderic acid (GA). GA is a triterpenoid, which is derived from lanosterol. Since several decades, the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma fungi have been widely used for human healthcare applications. GA has been reported for treatment of several dreadful disorders including hepatoprotective, hepatocellular carcinoma, immunomodulating action, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidants, and free radical scavenging action. The most active constituent related to the biological action is GA-DM, which is obtained from G. lucidum. This chapter discussed GA-DM as potential therapeutic candidate for treatment of number of diseases as an alternative or supplemental therapeutic agent in treating various cancer. Therefore, the mechanistic action of GA-DM is also discussed, which is capable of inducing cell death in cancer cells by action such as immunostimulant, apoptotic, and autophagic pathways in various cancer. Overall, this chapter extensively covers the history of G. lucidum and its traditional use and therapeutic application against cancer with molecular mechanism based on in vitro and in vivo experiments.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Rahman M, Ahmad MZ, Kazmi I, Akhter S, Afzal M, Gupta G et al (2012) Advancement in multifunctional nanoparticles for the effective treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 9(4):367–381
Lindequist U, Niedermeyer TH, Julich WD (2005) The pharmacological potential of mushrooms. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2:285–299
Wasser SP (2011) Current findings, future trends, and unsolved problems in studies of medicinal mushrooms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 89:132313–132332
Wu GS, Lu JJ, Guo JJ, Li YB, Tan W et al (2012) Ganoderic acid DM, a natural triterpenoid, induces DNA damage, G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. Fitoterapia 83:408–414
Radwan FF, Perez JM, Haque A (2011) Apoptotic and immune restoration effects of ganoderic acids define a new prospective for complementary treatment of cancer. J Clin Cell Immunol S3:4
Bishop KS, Kao CH, Xu Y, Glucina MP, Paterson RR et al (2015) From 2000 years of Ganoderma lucidum to recent developments in nutraceuticals. Phytochemistry 114:56–65
Wachtel-Galor S, Yuen J, Buswell JA, Benzie IFF (2011) Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi): a medicinal mushroom (Chapter 9) In: Benzie IFF, Wachtel-Galor S (eds) Herbal medicine: biomolecular and clinical aspects, 2nd ed. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL
Radwan FF, Hossain A, God JM, Leaphart N, Elvington M et al (2015) Reduction of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and lymphoma growth by a natural triterpenoid. J Cell Biochem 116:102–114
Huang SZ, Ma QY, Kong FD, Guo ZK, Cai CH et al (2017) Lanostane-type triterpenoids from the fruiting body of Ganoderma calidophilum. Phytochemistry 143:104–110
Wei JC, Wang AH, Wei YL, Huo XK, Tian X et al (2017) Chemical characteristics of the fungus Ganoderma lucidum and their inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase. J Asian Nat Prod Res 20(10):1–10
Liu J, Shimizu K, Tanaka A, Shinobu W, Ohnuki K et al (2012) Target proteins of ganoderic acid DM provides clues to various pharmacological mechanisms. Sci Rep 2:905
Akihisa T, Nakamura Y, Tagata M, Tokuda H, Yasukawa K et al (2007) Anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor-promoting effects of triterpene acids and sterols from the fungus Ganoderma lucidum. Chem Biodivers 4:224–231
Shi L, Ren A, Mu D, Zhao M (2010) Current progress in the study on biosynthesis and regulation of ganoderic acids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 88:1243–1251
Xia Q, Zhang H, Sun X, Zhao H, Wu L et al (2014) A comprehensive review of the structure elucidation and biological activity of triterpenoids from Ganoderma spp. Molecules 19:17478–17535
Hossain A, Radwan FF, Doonan BP, God JM, Zhang L et al (2012) A possible cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis in generating an immune response in melanoma. Apoptosis 17:1066–1078
Shafei A, El-Bakly W, Sobhy A, Wagdy O, Reda A et al (2017) A review on the efficacy and toxicity of different doxorubicin nanoparticles for targeted therapy in metastatic breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 95:1209–1218
Johnson BM, Doonan BP, Radwan FF, Haque A, Ganoderic Acid DM (2010) An alternative agent for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Open Prost Cancer J 3:78–85
Hoelzer D, Gökbuget N (2012) Chemoimmunotherapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood Rev 26:25–32
Opat S, Hawkes EA (2017) Chemoimmunotherapy may not be dead yet in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, but fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide plus rituximab is potentially facing life support. J Clin Oncol 2017:4093–4094
Reddy NM, Thieblemont C (2017) Maintenance therapy following induction chemoimmunotherapy in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: current perspective. Ann Oncol 28:2680–2690
Rahman M, Al-Ghamdi SA, Sharma K, Beg S, Alharbi KS, Abbasi FA et al Ganoderic acid loaded nano-lipidic carriers improvise treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Drug Deliv. https://doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2019.1606865
Zhang W, Yu W, Ding X, Yin C, Yan J, Yang E et al (2019) Self-assembled thermal gold nanorod-loaded thermosensitive liposome-encapsulated ganoderic acid for antibacterial and cancer photochemotherapy. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 47(1):406–419
Sumanasuriya S, De Bono J (2018) Treatment of advanced prostate cancer-a review of current therapies and future promise. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a030635
Bhutia SK, Dash R, Das SK, Azab B, Su ZZ et al (2010) Mechanism of autophagy to apoptosis switch triggered in prostate cancer cells by antitumor cytokine melanoma differentiation-associated gene 7/interleukin-24. Cancer Res 70:3667–3676
Aoun F, Bourgi A, Ayoub E, El Rassy E, van Velthoven R et al (2017) Androgen deprivation therapy in the treatment of locally advanced, nonmetastatic prostate cancer: practical experience and a review of the clinical trial evidence. Ther Adv Urol 9:73–80
Rucci N, Angelucci A (2014) Prostate cancer and bone: the elective affinities. Biomed Res Int 2014:167035
Lee N, Barthel SR, Schatton T (2014) Melanoma stem cells and metastasis: mimicking hematopoietic cell trafficking? Lab Investig 94:13–30
Haque MA, Li P, Jackson SK, Zarour HM, Hawes JW et al (2002) Absence of gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase in melanomas disrupts T cell recognition of select immunodominant epitopes. J Exp Med 195:1267–1277
Hathaway-Schrader JD, Doonan BP, Hossain A, Radwan FFY, Zhang L et al (2018) Autophagy-dependent crosstalk between GILT and PAX-3 influences radiation sensitivity of human melanoma cells. J Cell Biochem. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.26383
Sotgia F, Fiorillo M, Lisanti MP (2017) Mitochondrial markers predict recurrence, metastasis and tamoxifen-resistance in breast cancer patients: early detection of treatment failure with companion diagnostics. Oncotarget 8:68730–68745
Das A, Miller R, Lee P, Holden CA, Lindhorst SM et al (2015) A novel component from citrus, ginger, and mushroom family exhibits antitumor activity on human meningioma cells through suppressing the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Tumour Biol 36:7027–7034
Ragel BT, Jensen RL, Gillespie DL, Prescott SM, Couldwell WT et al (2005) Ubiquitous expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in meningiomas and decrease in cell growth following in vitro treatment with the inhibitor celecoxib: potential therapeutic application. J Neurosurg 103:508–517
Piscevic I, Villa A, Milićević M, Ilić R, Nikitović M et al (2015) The influence of adjuvant radiotherapy in atypical and anaplastic meningiomas: a series of 88 patients in a single institution. World Neurosurg 83:987–995
Preusser M, Berghoff AS, Hottinger AF (2013) High-grade meningiomas: new avenues for drug treatment? Curr Opin Neurol 26:708–715
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rahman, M. (2020). Ganoderic Acid for Anticancer Applications: Scope of Nanomedicine in Its Effective Delivery. In: Rahman, M., Beg, S., Kumar, V., Ahmad, F. (eds) Nanomedicine for Bioactives . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1664-1_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1664-1_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-1663-4
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-1664-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)