Abstract
The remarkable worldwide increase in the production and use of several pharmaceuticals, on one hand, brings advantages to modern society and, on the other hand, represents a hazardous risk to natural ecosystems. Pharmaceuticals are considered emerging contaminants of great environmental concern since its continuous disposal in the environment and high persistency can affect ecosystems and human life quality. In this context, the scientific community has addressed this problematic in several fronts investigating incidence, toxicological effects, and detection techniques to determine the real impact of the increase of its release as one of the challenges of the new millennia. The present chapter approaches the occurrence, and deleterious effects of these contaminants, as well as the alternative treatments developed to adequately remove them from natural water bodies and water streams.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Afonso-Olivares C, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Santana-Rodrígues JJ (2017) Occurrence and environmental impact of pharmaceutical residues from conventional and natural wastewater treatment plants in Gran Canaria (Spain). Sci Total Environ 559–600:934–943
Ahmed MJ, Hameed BH (2018) Removal of emerging pharmaceutical contaminants by adsorption in a fixed-bed column: a review. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 149:257–266
Anskjær GG, Rendal C, Kusk KO (2013) Effect of pH on the toxicity and bioconcentration of sulfadiazine on Daphnia magna. Chemosphere 91:1183–1188
Archer E, Petrie B, Kasprzyk-Hordern B et al (2017) The fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), endocrine disrupting contaminants (EDCs), metabolites and illicit drugs in a WWTW and environmental waters. Chemosphere 174:437–446
Asif MB, Nguyen LN, Hai FI et al (2017) Integration of an enzymatic bioreactor with membrane distillation for enhanced biodegradation of trace organic contaminants. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 124:73–81
Azzouz A, Ballesteros E (2013) Influence of seasonal climate differences on the pharmaceutical, hormone and personal care product removal efficiency of a drinking water treatment plant. Chemosphere 93:2046–2054
Ba S, Jones JP, Cabana H (2018) A hybrid bioreactor based on insolubilized tyrosinase and laccase catalysis and micro filtration membrane remove pharmaceuticals from wastewater. Chemosphere 201:749–755
Balakrishna K, Rath A, Praveenkumarreddy Y et al (2017) A review of the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Indian water bodies. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 137:113–120
Bharagava RN, Saxena G, Mulla SI, Patel DK (2018) Characterization and identification of recalcitrant organic pollutants (ROPs) in tannery wastewater and its phytotoxicity evaluation for environmental safety. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 75(2):259–272
Bielen A, Šimatović A, Kosić-Vukšić J et al (2017) Negative environmental impacts of antibiotic-contaminated effluents from pharmaceutical industries. Water Res 126:79–87
Boleda MR, Huerta-fontela M, Ventura F et al (2011) Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters. Chemosphere 84:1601–1607
Cheng L, Chen Y, Zheng YY et al (2017) Bioaccumulation of sulfadiazine and subsequent enzymatic activities in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Mar Pollut Bull 121:176–182
Chowdhary P, Raj A, Bharagava RN (2018) Environmental pollution and health hazards from distillery wastewater and treatment approaches to combat the environmental threats: a review. Chemosphere 194:229–246
Coledam DAC, Pupo MMDS, Silva BF et al (2017) Electrochemical mineralization of cephalexin using a conductive diamond anode: a mechanistic and toxicity investigation. Chemosphere 168:638–647
Comber S, Gardner M, Sörme P et al (2018) Active pharmaceutical ingredients entering the aquatic environment from wastewater treatment works: a cause for concern ? Sci Total Environ 613–614:538–547
Cotillas S, de Vidales MJ, Llanos J et al (2016) Electrolytic and electro-irradiated processes with diamond anodes for the oxidation of persistent pollutants and disinfection of urban treated wastewater. J Hazard Mater 319:93–101
Czech B, Jo I, Oleszczuk P (2014) Ecotoxicological evaluation of selected pharmaceuticals to Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna before and after photooxidation process. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 104:247–253
Ding H-Y, Feng Y-J, Lu J-W (2010) Study on the service life and deactivation mechanism of Ti/SnO2-Sb electrode by physical and electrochemical methods. Russ J Electrochem 46:72–76
Ding Y, Wang W, Liu X et al (2016) Intensified nitrogen removal of constructed wetland by novel integration of high rate algal pond biotechnology. Bioresour Technol 219:757–761
Dirany A, Sirés I, Oturan N et al (2012) Electrochemical treatment of the antibiotic sulfachloropyridazine: kinetics, reaction pathways, and toxicity evolution. Environ Sci Technol 46:4074–4082
Du J, Mei CF, Ying GG et al (2016) Toxicity thresholds for diclofenac, acetaminophen and ibuprofen in the water flea Daphnia magna. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 97:84–90
Galus M, Kirischian N, Higgins S et al (2013) Chronic, low concentration exposure to pharmaceuticals impacts multiple organ systems in zebrafish. Aquat Toxicol 132–133:200–211
Gautam S, Kaithwas G, Bharagava RN, Saxena G (2017) Pollutants in tannery wastewater, their pharmacological effects and bioremediation approaches for human health protection and environmental safety. In: Bharagava RN (ed) Environmental pollutants and their bioremediation approaches. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp 369–396
Gavrilescu M, Katerina D, Aamand J et al (2015) Emerging pollutants in the environment: present and future challenges in biomonitoring, ecological risks and bioremediation. N Biotechnol 32:147–156
Gogoi A, Mazumder P, Tyagi VK et al (2018) Occurrence and fate of emerging contaminants in water environment: a review. Groundw Sustain Dev 6:169–180
Guedes-alonso R, Afonso-olivares C, Montesdeoca-esponda S, et al (2013) An assessment of the concentrations of pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater treatment plants on the island of Gran Canaria 2:1–8
Hom-Diaz A, Jaén-Gil A, Bello-Laserna I et al (2017) Performance of a microalgal photobioreactor treating toilet wastewater: pharmaceutically active compound removal and biomass harvesting. Sci Total Environ 592:1–11
K’oreje KO, Kandie FJ, Vergeynst L et al (2018) Occurrence, fate and removal of pharmaceuticals, personal care products and pesticides in wastewater stabilization ponds and receiving rivers in the Nzoia Basin, Kenya. Sci Total Environ 637–638:336–348
Kay P, Hughes SR, Ault JR et al (2017) Widespread, routine occurrence of pharmaceuticals in sewage effluent, combined sewer overflows and receiving waters. Environ Pollut 220:1447–1455
Keen OS, Baik S, Linden KG et al (2012) Enhanced biodegradation of carbamazepine after UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation. Environ Sci Technol 46:6222–6227
Kim SD, Cho J, Kim IS et al (2007) Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors in South Korean surface, drinking, and waste waters. Water Res 41:1013–1021
Kim S, Chu KH, Al-Hamadani YAJ et al (2018) Removal of contaminants of emerging concern by membranes in water and wastewater: a review. Chem Eng J 335:896–914
Kleywegt S, Pileggi V, Yang P et al (2011) Pharmaceuticals, hormones and bisphenol A in untreated source and finished drinking water in Ontario, Canada—occurrence and treatment efficiency. Sci Total Environ 409:1481–1488
Kolar B, Arnuš L, Jeretin B et al (2014) The toxic effect of oxytetracycline and trimethoprim in the aquatic environment. Chemosphere 115:75–80
Kot-Wasik A, Jakimska A, Śliwka-Kaszynska M (2016) Occurrence and seasonal variations of 25 pharmaceutical residues in wastewater and drinking water treatment plants. Environ Monit Assess 188:661
Kumari V, Yadav A, Haq I, Kumar S, Bharagava RN, Singh SK, Raj A (2016) Genotoxicity evaluation of tannery effluent treated with newly isolated hexavalent chromium reducing Bacillus cereus. J Environ Manag 183:204–211
Kümmerer K (2001) Drugs in the environment: emission of drugs, diagnostic aids and disinfectants into wastewater by hospitals in relation to other sources—a review. Chemosphere 45:957–969
Leung HW, Jin L, Wei S et al (2013) Pharmaceuticals in tap water: human health risk assessment and proposed monitoring framework in China. Environ Health Perspect 121:839–846
Li W-W, Yu H-Q, He Z (2014) Towards sustainable wastewater treatment by using microbial fuel cells-centered technologies. Energy Environ Sci 7(3):911–924
Lin T, Yu S, Chen W (2016) Occurrence, removal and risk assessment of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in an advanced drinking water treatment plant (ADWTP) around Taihu Lake in China. Chemosphere 152:1–9
Liu K, Xu S, Zhang M et al (2016) Estimation of the toxicity of sulfadiazine to Daphnia magna using negligible depletion hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction independent of ambient pH. Sci Rep 6:4–11
Luo Y, Guo W, Ngo HH et al (2014) A review on the occurrence of micropollutants in the aquatic environment and their fate and removal during wastewater treatment. Sci Total Environ 473–474:619–641
Machado KC, Tadeu M, Vidal C et al (2016) A preliminary nationwide survey of the presence of emerging contaminants in drinking and source waters in Brazil. Sci Total Environ 572:138–146
Mandaric L, Diamantini E, Stella E et al (2017) Contamination sources and distribution patterns of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Alpine rivers strongly affected by tourism. Sci Total Environ 590–591:484–494
Mani S, Bharagava RN (2016) Exposure to crystal violet, its toxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic effects on environment and its degradation and detoxification for environmental safety. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 237:71–104
Marques SCR, Marcuzzo JM, Baldan MR et al (2017) Pharmaceuticals removal by activated carbons: role of morphology on cyclic thermal regeneration. Chem Eng J 321:233–244
Marsik P, Rezek J, Zidkov M et al (2017) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the watercourses of Elbe basin in Czech Republic. Chemosphere 171:97–105
Matongo S, Birungi G, Moodley B (2015) Occurrence of selected pharmaceuticals in water and sediment of Umgeni River, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 22(13):10298–10308
Mezzelani M, Gorbi S, Regoli F (2018) Pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environments: evidence of emerged threat and future challenges for marine organisms. Mar Environ Res 140:41–60
Mishra S, Bharagava RN (2016) Toxic and genotoxic effects of hexavalent chromium in environment and its bioremediation strategies. J Environ Sci Health C 34(1):1–32
Mohd Zanuri NB, Bentley MG, Caldwell GS (2017) Assessing the impact of diclofenac, ibuprofen and sildenafil citrate (Viagra®) on the fertilisation biology of broadcast spawning marine invertebrates. Mar Environ Res 127:126–136
Mompelat S, Le Bot B, Thomas O (2009) Occurrence and fate of pharmaceutical products and by-products, from resource to drinking water. Environ Int 35:803–814
Paredes L, Omil F, Lema JM et al (2018) What happens with organic micropollutants during UV disinfection in WWTPs? A global perspective from laboratory to full-scale. J Hazard Mater 342:670–678
Pereira AMPT, Silva LJG, Meisel LM et al (2015) Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals from Portuguese wastewaters: geographical and seasonal occurrence, removal and risk assessment. Environ Res 136:108–119
Pereira AL, de Vasconcelos Barros RT, Pereira SR (2017) Pharmacopollution and Household Waste Medicine (HWM): how reverse logistics is environmentally important to Brazil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:24061–24075
Petrie B, Barden R, Kasprzyk-Hordern B (2014) A review on emerging contaminants in wastewaters and the environment: current knowledge, understudied areas and recommendations for future monitoring. Water Res 72:1–25
Puckowski A, Mioduszewska K, Łukaszewicz P et al (2016) Bioaccumulation and analytics of pharmaceutical residues in the environment: a review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 127:232–255. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S073170851630111X
Purdom CE, Hardiman PA, Bye VJ et al (1994) Estrogenic effects of effluents from sewage treatment works. Chem Ecol 8:275–285
Rivera-Utrilla J, Sánchez-Polo M, Ferro-García MÁ et al (2013) Pharmaceuticals as emerging contaminants and their removal from water. A review. Chemosphere 93(7):1268–1287
Saxena G, Bharagava RN, Kaithwas G, Raj A (2015) Microbial indicators, pathogens and methods for their monitoring in water environment. J Water Health 13(2):319–339
Saxena G, Chandra R, Bharagava RN (2017) Environmental pollution, toxicity profile and treatment approaches for tannery wastewater and its chemical pollutants. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 240:31–69
Scott T, Phillips PJ, Kolpin DW et al (2018) Pharmaceutical manufacturing facility discharges can substantially increase the pharmaceutical load to U.S. wastewaters. Sci Total Environ 636:69–79
Sgroi M, Roccaro P, Korshin GV et al (2017) Use of fluorescence EEM to monitor the removal of emerging contaminants in full scale wastewater treatment plants. J Hazard Mater 323:367–376
Shan D, Deng S, Li J et al (2017) Preparation of porous graphene oxide by chemically intercalating a rigid molecule for enhanced removal of typical pharmaceuticals. Carbon 119:101–109
Sheng C, Nnanna AGA, Liu Y et al (2016) Removal of Trace Pharmaceuticals from Water using coagulation and powdered activated carbon as pretreatment to ultrafiltration membrane system. Sci Total Environ 550:1075–1083
Song K, Mohseni M, Taghipour F (2016) Application of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) for water disinfection: a review. Water Res 94:341–349
Stuart M, Lapworth D, Crane E et al (2012) Review of risk from potential emerging contaminants in UK groundwater. Sci Total Environ 416:1–21
Sui Q, Cao X, Lu S et al (2015) Occurrence, sources and fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the groundwater: a review. Emerg Contam 1:14–24
Tijani JO, Fatoba OO, Babajide OO et al (2016) Pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors, personal care products, nanomaterials and perfluorinated pollutants: a review. Environ Chem Lett 14:27–49
USGS, Survey UG (2014) Emerging contaminants in the environment. http://toxics.usgs.gov/regional/emc/
Verlicchi P, Al Aukidy M, Zambello E (2012) Occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in urban wastewater: removal, mass load and environmental risk after a secondary treatment—a review. Sci Total Environ 429:123–155
Visanji Z, Sadr SMK, Memon FA (2018) An implementation of a decision support tool to assess treatment of emerging contaminants in India. J Water Resour Prot 10:422–440
Watkinson AJ, Murby EJ, Kolpin DW et al (2009) The occurrence of antibiotics in an urban watershed: from wastewater to drinking water. Sci Total Environ 407:2711–2723
Xiong JQ, Kurade MB, Abou-Shanab RAI et al (2016) Biodegradation of carbamazepine using freshwater microalgae Chlamydomonas mexicana and Scenedesmus obliquus and the determination of its metabolic fate. Bioresour Technol 205:183–190
Xiong JQ, Kurade MB, Jeon BH (2018) Can microalgae remove pharmaceutical contaminants from water? Trends Biotechnol 36:30–44
Xiong JQ, Kim SJ, Kurade MB et al (2019) Combined effects of sulfamethazine and sulfamethoxazole on a freshwater microalga, Scenedesmus obliquus: toxicity, biodegradation, and metabolic fate. J Hazard Mater 370:138–146
Yadav A, Mishra S, Kaithwas G, Raj A, Bharagava RN (2016a) Organic pollutants and pathogenic bacteria in tannery wastewater and their removal strategies. In: Singh JS, Singh DP (eds) Microbes and environmental management. Studium Press (India) Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, pp 104–130
Yadav A, Raj A, Bharagava RN (2016b) Detection and characterization of a multidrug and multi-metal resistant Enterobacterium Pantoea sp. from tannery wastewater after secondary treatment process. Int J Plant Environ 1(2):37–41
Yadav A, Raj A, Purchase D, Ferreira LFR, Saratale GD, Bharagava RN (2019) Phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity evaluation of organic and inorganic pollutants rich tannery wastewater from a Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) in Unnao district, India using Vigna radiata and Allium cepa. Chemosphere 224:324–332
Yang Y, Ok YS, Kim K-H et al (2017a) Occurrences and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in drinking water and water/sewage treatment plants: a review. Sci Total Environ 596–597:303–320
Yang YY, Toor GS, Wilson PC et al (2017b) Micropollutants in groundwater from septic systems: transformations, transport mechanisms, and human health risk assessment. Water Res 123:258–267
Yao L, Wang Y, Tong L et al (2017) Occurrence and risk assessment of antibiotics in surface water and groundwater from different depths of aquifers: a case study at Jianghan Plain, central China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 135:236–242
Zainith S, Purchase D, Saratale GD, Ferreira LFR, Bilal M, Bharagava RN (2019) Isolation and characterization of lignin-degrading bacterium Bacillus aryabhattai from pulp and paper mill wastewater and evaluation of its lignin-degrading potential. 3 Biotech 9(3):92
Zhang Y, Wang B, Cagnetta G et al (2018) Typical pharmaceuticals in major WWTPs in Beijing, China: occurrence, load pattern and calculation reliability. Water Res 140:291–300
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Brazilian National Council of Technological and Scientific Development CNPq (grants: 304419/2015-0 and 310282/2013-6), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)—finance Code 001—and to FAPITEC for the scholarships and financial support for this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
de Salles Pupo, M.M. et al. (2020). Green Technologies for the Treatment of Pharmaceutical Contaminants in Wastewaters. In: Bharagava, R. (eds) Emerging Eco-friendly Green Technologies for Wastewater Treatment. Microorganisms for Sustainability, vol 18. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1390-9_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1390-9_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-1389-3
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-1390-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)