Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Fabrication of Stimuli-Responsive Polymers and their Composites: Candidates for Resorbable Sutures

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Advances in Sustainable Polymers

Part of the book series: Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials ((MHFNN))

Abstract

Sutures are known to facilitate wound healing and recently, a significant attention has been laid on the development of different classes of materials, their properties to enhance tissue approximation and wound closure. The advancements in the suture technology have introduced different types of sutures such as barbed sutures, antimicrobial sutures, drug-eluting sutures. The biostable and bioresorbable materials have received importance in augmentation and proper growth of the tissues due to their extraordinary characteristics. Furthermore, the biodegradable polymeric sutures have been explored for suture applications due to their efficiency, both in terms of property and application. In this regard, the current chapter highlights the various biodegradable polymers as possible candidates for sutures along with their essential properties and applications. Moreover, the utilization of different biofillers for fabricating sutures along with various fabrication techniques is discussed. Additionally, an impact is laid on the development of ‘stimuli-responsive sutures’ in order to tailor the behavior of the suture for subjected applications by using external agents or stimulus. These materials respond to small changes that can be both physical and chemical environment. Electric field, magnetic field, radiation are some of the stimulants that can be used based on the polymer used and nature of the application (cell adhesion, nerve regeneration, drug delivery, degradation control, antimicrobial, etc.) of suture. Magnetic responsive composite materials possess fine tuning properties which find their potential in biomedical, cell guidance and controlled drug release study (hyperthermia effect). A good understanding in terms of application and physical phenomena is portrayed which would help in developing the stimuli-responsive materials and devices in the biomedical field.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Hayashi T (1994) Biodegradable polymers for biomedical uses. Prog Polym Sci 19(4):663–702. https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6700(94)90030-2

  2. Törmälä P, Pohjonen T, Rokkanen P (1998) Bioabsorbable polymers: materials technology and surgical applications. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 212(2):101–111. https://doi.org/10.1243/0954411981533872

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Pillai CKS, Sharma CP (2010) Absorbable polymeric surgical sutures: chemistry, production, properties, biodegradability, and performance. J Biomater Appl 25(4):291–366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885328210384890

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Chu CC, Von Fraunhofer JA, Greisler HP (1996) Wound closure biomaterials and devices. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  5. Moy RL, Waldman B, Hein DW (1992) A review of sutures and suturing techniques. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 18(9):785–795. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.1992.tb03036.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Dennis C, Sethu S, Nayak S, Mohan L, Morsi Y, Manivasagam G (2016) Suture materials—current and emerging trends. J Biomed Mater Res A 104(6):1544–1559. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.35683

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Roberts ADG, Hart DM (1983) Polyglycolic acid and catgut sutures, with and without oral proteolytic enzymes, in the healing of episiotomies. BJOG 90(7):650–653. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1983.tb09284.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Singhal JP, Singh H, Ray AR (1988) Absorbable suture materials: preparation and properties. Polym Rev 28(3–4):475–502. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583728808085383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Li J, Yuan XY (2006) Research progresses on synthetic absorbable sutures. J Tianjin Polytech Univ 25:18–21

    Google Scholar 

  10. Hon LQ, Ganeshan A, Thomas SM, Warakaulle D, Jagdish J, Uberoi R (2009) Vascular closure devices: a comparative overview. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol Title(s) 38(1): 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1067/j.cpradiol.2008.02.002

  11. Eling B, Gogolewski S, Pennings AJ (1982). Biodegradable materials of poly(l-lactic acid): 1. Melt-spun and solution-spun fibres. Polymer 23(11):1587–1593. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(82)90176-8

  12. Dunn DL (2005) Wound closer manual. Ethicon, Inc., Johnson and Johnson Company

    Google Scholar 

  13. Stibal W, Schwarz R, Kemp U, Bender K, Weger F, Stein M (2000) Fibers 3. General production technology, Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry

    Google Scholar 

  14. Eling B, Gogolewski S, Pennings AJ (1982) Biodegradable materials of poly (l-lactic acid): 1. Melt-spun and solution-spun fibres. Polymer 23(11):1587–1593. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(82),90176-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Charuchinda A, Molloy R, Siripitayananon J, Molloy N, Sriyai M (2003) Factors influencing the small-scale melt spinning of poly (ε-caprolactone) monofilament fibres. Polym Int 52(7):1175–1181. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.1234

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Ziabicki A (1976) Fundamentals of fibre formation. Wiley-Interscience, New York

    Google Scholar 

  17. Gupta B, Revagade N, Hilborn J (2007) Poly (lactic acid) fiber: an overview. ProgPolymSci 32(4):455–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.01.005

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Gogolewski S, Pennings AJ (1985) High-modulus fibres of nylon-6 prepared by a dry-spinning method. Polymer 26(9):1394–1400. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-386(85)90317-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Leenslag JW, Pennings AJ (1987) High-strength poly (l-lactide) fibres by a dry-spinning/hot-drawing process. Polymer 28(10):1695–1702. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(87),90012-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Greiner A, Wendorff JH (2007) Electrospinning: a fascinating method for the preparation of ultrathin fibers. Angew Chemi Int Ed 46(30):5670–5703. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200604646

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Um IC, Ki CS, Kweon H, Lee KG, Ihm DW, Park YH (2004) Wet spinning of silk polymer: II. Effect of drawing on the structural characteristics and properties of filament. Int J Biol Macromol 34(1–2): 107–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2004.03.011

  22. Hu X, Liu S, Zhou G, Huang Y, Xie Z, Jing X (2014) Electrospinning of polymeric nanofibers for drug delivery applications. J Control Release 185:12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.018

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Matthews JA, Wnek GE, Simpson DG, Bowlin GL (2002) Electrospinning of collagen nanofibers. Biomacromol 3(2):232–238. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm015533u

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Mohanty AK, Misra M, Hinrichsen GI (2000) Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: an overview. Macromol Mater Eng 276(1):1–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1439-2054(20000301)276:1%3C1:A

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Kyrikou I, Briassoulis D (2007) Biodegradation of agricultural plastic films: a critical review. J Polym Environ 15(2):125–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-007-0063-6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Amass W, Amass A, Tighe B (1998) A review of biodegradable polymers: uses, current developments in the synthesis and characterization of biodegradable polyesters, blends of biodegradable polymers and recent advances in biodegradation studies. Polym Int 47(2):89–144. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0126(1998100)47:2%3C89:AID-PI86%3E3.0.CO;2-F

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Charnley J (1960) Anchorage of the femoral head prosthesis to the shaft of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg. British 42(1):28–30

    Google Scholar 

  28. Kalia S, Dufresne A, Cherian B M, Kaith BS, Avérous L, Njuguna J, Nassiopoulos E (2011) Cellulose-based bio-and nanocomposites: a review. Int J Polym Sci 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/837875

  29. Benicewicz BC, Hopper PK (1991) Polymers for absorbable surgical sutures—Part II. J Bioact Compat Polym 6:64–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/088391159100600106

  30. Chen FM, Liu X (2016) Advancing biomaterials of human origin for tissue engineering. Prog Polym Sci 53:86–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.02.004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Bennett RG (1988) Selection of wound closure materials. J Am Acad Dermatol 18(4):619–637. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(88),70083-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. B Kim, Atala A (2001) Encyclopedia of materials: science and technology

    Google Scholar 

  33. Song R, Murphy M, Li C, Ting K, Soo C, Zheng Z (2018) Current development of biodegradable polymeric materials for biomedical applications. Drug Des Dev Ther 12:3117–3145. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S165440

  34. Palmer LC, Newcomb CJ, Kaltz SR, Spoerke ED, Stupp SI (2008) Biomimetic systems for hydroxyapatite mineralization inspired by bone and enamel. Chem Rev 108(11):4754–4783. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr8004422

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Siddiqui H, Pickering K, Mucalo M (2018) A review on the use of hydroxyapatite-carbonaceous structure composites in bone replacement materials for strengthening purposes. Materials 11(10):1813. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11101813

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Verheyen CCPM, De Wijn JR, Van Blitterswijk CA, De Groot K (1992) Evaluation of hydroxylapatite/poly(l-lactide) composites: mechanical behavior. J Biomed Mater Res 26(10):1277–1296. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820261003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Saifuddin N, Raziah AZ, Junizah AR (2012) Carbon nanotubes: a review on structure and their interaction with proteins. J Chem 2013:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/676815

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Cheng Q, Rutledge K, Jabbarzadeh E (2013) Carbon nanotube–poly (lactide-co-glycolide) composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. Ann Biomed Eng 41(5):904–916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-012-0728-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Pan L, Pei X, He R, Wan Q, Wang J (2012) Multiwall carbon nanotubes/polycaprolactone composites for bone tissue engineering application. Colloids Surf B 93:226–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.01.011

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Kashiwazaki H, Kishiya Y, Matsuda A, Yamaguchi K, Iizuka T, Tanaka J, Inoue N (2009) Fabrication of porous chitosan/hydroxyapatite nanocomposites: their mechanical and biological properties. Biomed Mater Eng 19(2–3):133–140. https://doi.org/10.3233/BME-2009-0572

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Gupta A, Katiyar V (2017) Cellulose functionalized high molecular weight stereocomplex polylactic acid biocomposite films with improved gas barrier, thermomechanical properties. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5(8):6835–6844. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01059

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Patwa R, Kumar A, Katiyar V (2018) Crystallization kinetics, morphology, and hydrolytic degradation of novel bio-based poly (lactic acid)/crystalline silk nano-discs nanobiocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 135(33):46590. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.46590

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. De Simone S, Gallo AL, Paladini F, Sannino A, Pollini M (2014) Development of silver nano-coatings on silk sutures as a novel approach against surgical infections. J Mater Sci Mater Med 25(9):2205–2214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-014-5262-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Galaev IY, Mattiasson B (1999) ‘Smart’ polymers and what they could do in biotechnology and medicine. Trends Biotechnol 17(8):335–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7799(99),01345-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. De las Heras AlarcĂ³n C, Pennadam S, Alexander C (2005) Stimuli responsive polymers for biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 34(3):276–285. https://doi.org/10.1039/b406727d

  46. De Santis R, Russo A, Gloria A, D’Amora U, Russo T, Panseri S, Wilde CJ (2015) Towards the design of 3D fiber-deposited poly (-caprolactone)/iron-doped hydroxyapatite nanocomposite magnetic scaffolds for bone regeneration. J Biomed Nanotechnol 11(7):1236–1246. https://doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2015.2065

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Chertok B, Moffat BA, David AE, Yu F, Bergemann C, Ross BD, Yang VC (2008) Iron oxide nanoparticles as a drug delivery vehicle for MRI monitored magnetic targeting of brain tumors. Biomaterials 29(4):487–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.08.050

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Fuchigami T, Kawamura R, Kitamoto Y, Nakagawa M, Namiki Y (2012) A magnetically guided anti-cancer drug delivery system using porous FePt capsules. Biomaterials 33(5):1682–1687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.11.016

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Jeong SI, Jun ID, Choi MJ, Nho YC, Lee YM, Shin H (2008) Development of electroactive and elastic nanofibers that contain polyaniline and poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) for the control of cell adhesion. Macromol Biosci 8(7):627–637. https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.200800005

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Guo Y, Li M, Mylonakis A, Han J, MacDiarmid AG, Chen X, Wei Y (2007) Electroactive oligoaniline-containing self-assembled monolayers for tissue engineering applications. Biomacromol 8(10):3025–3034. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm070266z

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Huang L, Zhuang X, Hu J, Lang L, Zhang P, Wang Y, Jing X (2008) Synthesis of biodegradable and electroactive multiblock polylactide and aniline pentamer copolymer for tissue engineering applications. Biomacromol 9(3):850–858. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm7011828

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Hu J, Huang L, Zhuang X, Zhang P, Lang L, Chen X, Jing X (2008) Electroactive aniline pentamer cross-linking chitosan for stimulation growth of electrically sensitive cells. Biomacromol 9(10):2637–2644. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm800705t

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Rivers TJ, Hudson TW, Schmidt CE (2002) Synthesis of a novel, biodegradable electrically conducting polymer for biomedical applications. Adv Funct Mater 12(1):33–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/1616-3028(20020101)12:1%3C33:AID-ADFM33%3E3.0.CO;2-E

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Hirokawa Y, Tanaka T (1984) Volume phase transition in a non-ionic gel. AIP Conf Proc 107(1):203–208. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.34300

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Peng B, Grishkewich N, Yao Z, Han X, Liu H, Tam KC (2012) Self-assembly behavior of thermoresponsive oligo (ethylene glycol) methacrylates random copolymer. Acs Macro Lett 1(5):632–635. https://doi.org/10.1021/mz300135x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Marsano E, Bianchi E, Vicini S, Compagnino L, Sionkowska A, Skopińska J, Wiśniewski M (2005) Stimuli responsive gels based on interpenetrating network of chitosan and poly (vinylpyrrolidone). Polymer 46(5):1595–1600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2004.12.017

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Dai S, Ravi P, Tam KC (2008) pH-responsive polymers: synthesis, properties and applications. Soft Matter 4(3):435–449. https://doi.org/10.1039/B714741D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Yan T, Chen X, Zhang T, Yu J, Jiang X, Hu W, Jiao F (2018) A magnetic pH-induced textile fabric with switchable wettability for intelligent oil/water separation. Chem Eng J 347:52–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.04.021

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Hua D, Jiang J, Kuang L, Jiang J, Zheng W, Liang H (2011) Smart chitosan-based stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for the controlled delivery of hydrophobic pharmaceuticals. Macromolecules 44(6):1298–1302. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma102568p

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Zhang L, Guo R, Yang M, Jiang X, Liu B (2007) Thermo and pH dual-responsive nanoparticles for anti-cancer drug delivery. Adv Mater 19(19):2988–2992. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200601817

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Roy D, Cambre JN, Sumerlin BS (2010) Future perspectives and recent advances in stimuli-responsive materials. Prog Polym Sci 35(1–2):278–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.10.008

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Toledano S, Williams RJ, Jayawarna V, Ulijn RV (2006) Enzyme-triggered self-assembly of peptide hydrogels via reversed hydrolysis. J Am Chem Soc 128(4):1070–1071. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja056549l

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Kim SS, Park MS, Jeon O, Choi CY, Kim BS (2006) Poly (lactide-co-glycolide)/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 27(8):1399–1409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.08.016

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Okada T, Hayashi T, Ikada Y (1992) Degradation of collagen suture in vitro and in vivo. Biomaterials 13(7):448–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-9612(92)90165-K

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Im JN, Kim JK, Kim HK, In CH, Lee KY, Park WH (2007) In vitro and in vivo degradation behaviors of synthetic absorbable bicomponent monofilament suture prepared with poly (p-dioxanone) and its copolymer. Polym Degrad Stab 92(4):667–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.12.011

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Mäkelä P, Pohjonen T, Törmälä P, Waris T, Ashammakhi N (2002) Strength retention properties of self-reinforced poly l-lactide (SR-PLLA) sutures compared with polyglyconate (Maxon®) and polydioxanone (PDS) sutures. An in vitro study. Biomaterials 23(12):2587–2592. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(01),00396-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Lee DH, Kwon TY, Kim KH, Kwon ST, Cho DH, Jang SH, Son JS, Lee KB (2014) Anti-inflammatory drug releasing absorbable surgical sutures using poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) particle carriers. Polym Bull 71(8):1933–1946. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-014-1164-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Cannizzo SA, Roe SC, Harms CA, Stoskopf MK (2016) Effect of water temperature on the hydrolysis of two absorbable sutures used in fish surgery. Facets 1(1):44–54. https://doi.org/10.1139/facets-2016-0006

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam, 781039, India

    Deepshikha Das, Neha Mulchandani, Amit Kumar & Vimal Katiyar

Authors
  1. Deepshikha Das
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Neha Mulchandani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Amit Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Vimal Katiyar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vimal Katiyar .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India

    Vimal Katiyar

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India

    Amit Kumar

  3. Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India

    Neha Mulchandani

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Das, D., Mulchandani, N., Kumar, A., Katiyar, V. (2020). Fabrication of Stimuli-Responsive Polymers and their Composites: Candidates for Resorbable Sutures. In: Katiyar, V., Kumar, A., Mulchandani, N. (eds) Advances in Sustainable Polymers. Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1251-3_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation