Abstract
In recent years, Indonesia has sought to protect the rights of individuals with mental illness through revised legislation, greater investment in community health organizations and increased awareness of discrimination against individuals with psychosocial disabilities. While the ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) in 2011, the passage of the Mental Health Act in 2014 and the enactment of Law No. 8 on Persons with Disabilities in 2016 have bolstered legal protections for individuals with mental illness, the Indonesian National Human Rights Commission (Komnas HAM) has served to identify and investigate human rights violations against individuals with psychosocial disabilities. Moreover, the “Indonesia Bebas Pasung” campaign, which aims to eliminate the practice of shackling or confining individuals with a mental illness, has helped shine a spotlight on the intersections of mental health and human rights.
Despite these advancements, Komnas HAM remains limited in its ability to protect mentally ill individuals and their families. First, Komnas HAM lacks an effective, easily accessible system for citizens to report human rights violations. As a result, mental health professionals and community organizations have developed independent reporting systems, such as Makpasol and e-pasung, that remain disconnected from national efforts to protect human rights. Second, while the “Bebas Pasung” campaign has reinvigorated community investment in protecting individuals with mental illness, the campaign’s emphasis on documenting and eliminating human rights violations has eclipsed its efforts to enact comprehensive mental health reform. Similarly, Komnas HAM has focused primarily on protecting the “negative” rights of individuals with mental illness by responding to reports of discrimination and abuse, giving less attention to ensuring the “positive” rights of all citizens to mental health education and accessible services.
Komnas HAM can have a greater impact on the Indonesian society by strengthening its connections with regional organizations and by focusing on both the “negative” and “positive” rights of individuals affected by psychosocial disabilities. Through coordination with mental health professionals, social workers and community members, Komnas HAM can build a wider network for protecting individuals and communities affected by mental illness.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
Jeff Herbert (2008: 461) notes that Komnas HAM ‘was actually established prior to the legislation by Presidential Decree No 50 of June 1993, as a governmental auxiliary body’ and has been referred to as ‘Komnas HAM I’ prior to Law No. 39/1999 and ‘Komnas HAM II’ post-1999.
- 2.
Nursyamsi et al. (2015: 44–45) note that debate over proper terminology ‘is still ongoing’.
- 3.
Edwards (2014: 4) takes issue with the translation of Law No. 4/1997 on ‘Persons with Disabilities’, claiming that ‘a more accurate translation of the legislation—the title of which refers to penyandang cacat—is “Law No 4 of 1997 on the Handicapped”’.
- 4.
- 5.
These reports can be accessed at: https://www.komnasham.go.id/index.php/data-pengaduan/.
- 6.
Makpasol is an abbreviation of ‘Masyarakat Aktif Klik Pasung Online’, or ‘Active Society/Community Clicks Pasung Online’. For more information, see: http://www.makpasol.ntbprov.go.id/.
- 7.
Email correspondence with author, 3 April 2017.
References
Budiawan, A. 2016. ‘E-pasung kurangi kasus pemasungan di Jatim’ [E-pasung reduces cases of shackling in East Java], Aktual, 6 August. Available at: http://www.aktual.com/e-pasung-kurangi-kasus-pemasungan-jatim/.
Chapman, A. 2009. Globalization, human rights and the social determinants of health, Bioethics, Vol 23, Issue 2, Pgs. 91–111.
Colbran, N. 2010. Access to justice for persons with disabilities in Indonesia: background assessment report, International Labour Organization. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/jakarta/whatwedo/publications/WCMS_160337/lang%2D%2Den/index.htm.
Drew, N. et al. 2011. Human rights violations of persons with mental and psychosocial disabilities: an unresolved global crisis, The Lancet, Vol 378, Pgs. 1664–1675.
Edwards, N. 2014. Disability rights in Indonesia? Problems with ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Australian Journal of Asian Law, Vol 15, Issue 1, Pgs. 1–15.
Eldridge, Philip J. 2002. The Politics of Human Rights in Southeast Asia, London: Routledge.
Emont, J. 2016. Fighting for Indonesia’s mentally ill, and counting toilets and progress, The New York Times, 21 October. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/22/world/asia/fighting-for-indonesias-mentally-ill-and-counting-toilets-as-progress.html?mcubz=0.
Fajerial, Edwin. 2016. ‘E-pasung untuk pantau penderita sakit jiwa di Jawa Timur’ [E-pasung to monitor persons with mental illness in East Java], Tempo, 20 May. Available at: https://m.tempo.co/read/news/2016/05/20/173772739/e-pasung-untuk-pantau-penderita-sakit-jiwa-di-jawa-timur.
Fransisca, M. 2017. ‘Aksi penyandang disabilitas tuntut bentuk komisi nasional disabilitas’ [Persons with disabilities demand action on forming a National Disabilities Commission], Tempo, 18 May. Available at: https://video.tempo.co/read/2017/05/18/6787/aksi-penyandang-disabilitas-tuntut-bentuk-komisi-nasional-disabilitas.
Hafner-Burton, Emilie M. and Kiyoteru Tsutsui. 2005. Human rights in a globalizing world: the paradox of empty promises, American Journal of Sociology, Vol 110, Issue 5, Pgs. 1373–1411.
Harian Jogja. 2016. ‘Komnas HAM: setop pemasungan terhadap penderita sakit jiwa’ [Indonesian National Human Rights Commission: stop shackling persons with mental illness], Harian Jogja [Jogyakarta Daily], 20 May. Available at: http://m.harianjogja.com/baca/2016/05/20/korban-pasung-komnas-ham-setop-pemasungan-terhadap-penderita-sakit-jiwa-721060.
Herbert, J. 2008. ‘The legal framework of human rights in Indonesia’, in Timothy Lindsey (ed), Indonesia: Law and Society, 2nd ed., New South Wales: The Federation Press, Pgs. 456–482.
Hsien-Li T. 2011. The ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Human Rights Watch. 2017. World Report 2017: Indonesia, Events of 2016. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/indonesia.
Irmansyah, I. 2017. Orang dengan gangguan jiwa berhak dan mampu memilih [Persons with mental illness have the right and ability to vote], 5 May. Available at: http://pdskji.org/article_det-33-orang-dengan-gangguan-jiwa-berhak-dan-mampu-memilih.html.
Irmansyah, I., Y.A. Prasetyo and Harry Minas. 2009. Human rights of persons with mental illness in Indonesia: more than legislation is needed, International Journal of Mental Health Systems, Vol 3, Issue 14, Pgs. 1–10.
Komnas HAM. 2016a. Submission to the United Nations: 3rd Universal Periodic Review, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia: Komisi Hak Asasi Manusia [The Indonesian National Human Rights Commission]: 1–13.
———. 2016b. Laporan pengaduan bulan May 2016 [Monthly complain report, May 2016]. Available at: https://www.komnasham.go.id/files/20160508-laporan-data-pengaduan-mei-2016-$V5K0YM.pdf.
———. 2017. Laporan pengaduan bulan April 2017 [Monthly complain report, April 2017]. Available at: https://www.komnasham.go.id/files/20170507-laporan-pengaduan-bulan-april%2D%2D$XJ8.pdf.
Mamnuaha et al. 2016. Literature review of mental health recovery in Indonesia, Journal of Nursing and Health Care, Vol 3, Issue 2, Pgs. 20–25. Available at: http://dl6.globalstf.org/index.php/jnhc/article/viewFile/1584/1612.
Mani, L. 2013. The Integral Nature of Things: Critical Reflections on the Present, New Delhi: Routledge.
Nainggolan, Yossa. et al. 2016. Kertas posisi: mendorong pengesahan Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities [Position paper to encourage ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities], Komisi Hak Asasi Manusia [The Indonesian National Human Rights Commission]: 1–40.
Nugroho, N. 2016. Komnas HAM investigasi pemasungan orang gila di jatim [Indonesian National Human Rights Commission investigates the shackling of crazy people in East Java], Tempo, 17 May. Available at: https://nasional.tempo.co/read/news/2016/05/17/058771735/komnas-ham-investigasi-pemasungan-orang-gila-di-jatim#IYZfPzxHe6bDQ938.97.
Nursyamsi et al. 2015. Kerangka hukum disibilitas di Indonesia: menuju Indonesia ramah disibilitas [Legal framework of disability in Indonesia: toward a disability-friendly Indonesia], Pusat Studi Hukum dan Kebijakan Indonesia [Indonesian Centre for the Study of Law and Policy]: Pgs. 1–98.
Pramesti, Tir Jata Ayu. 2014. Klinik: hak asasi penderita gangguan jiwa [Clinic: the human rights of persons with mental illness], 7 January. Available at: http://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/detail/lt52c808d73d54f/hak-asasi-penderita-gangguan-jiwa.
Pusat Studi Hukum dan Kebijakan Indonesia [Indonesian Centre for the Study of Law and Policy]. 2014. ‘Siaran pers: 7 catatan Untuk RUU Penyandang Disabilitas’ [Press release: 7 notes on the Persons with Disabilities Bill]. Available at: http://www.pshk.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Siaran-Pers-11-Maret-2014-Catatan-untuk-RUU-Penyandang-Disabilitas.pdf.
———. 2016. Komisi Nasional Disabilitas: implementasi UU Penyandang Disabilitas [National Disabilities Commission: implementing the Persons with Disabilities Bill]. Available at http://www.pshk.or.id/id/berita/aktivitas/komisi-nasional-disabilitas-implementasi-uu-penyandang-disabilitas/.
Puteh, Ibrahim, M. Marthoenis and Harry Minas. 2011. Aceh Free Pasung: Releasing the mentally ill from physical restraint, International Journal of Mental Health Systems, Vol 5, Issue 10, Pgs. 1–5.
Reese, A.S. 2016. Living in hell: abuses against people with psychosocial disabilities in Indonesia, Human Rights Watch. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/03/21/living-hell/abuses-against-people-psychosocial-disabilities-indonesia.
Stratford et al. 2014. Introducing recovery-oriented practice in Indonesia: the Sukambumi project—an innovative mental health programme, Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development, Vol 24, Issues 1–2, Pgs. 71–81.
Suharto, Suharto, Pim Kuipers and Pat Dorsett. 2016. Disability terminology and the emergence of ‘diffability’ in Indonesia, Disability and Society, Vol 31, Issue 5, Pgs. 693–712.
Suripto and Siti Alfiah. 2017. Indonesia bebas pasung 2017: Pemodelan inovasi pemerintah daerah menuju bebas pasung [Shackle-free Indonesia 2017: an innovative model from regional governments towards a pasung-free Indonesia], National Innovation Administration. Available at: http://inovasi.lan.go.id/uploads/download/1472810970_INDONESIA-BEBAS-PASUNG-2017%2D%2D-Pemodelan-Inovasi-Pemerintah-Daerah-menuju-bebas-pasung.pdf.
U.S. Department of State. 2016. Country reports on human rights practices for 2016: Indonesia. Available at: https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2016&dlid=265338.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Asia Centre
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Clair, K. (2020). Mental Health and Human Rights: The Role of Komnas HAM. In: Gomez, J., Ramcharan, R. (eds) National Human Rights Institutions in Southeast Asia. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1074-8_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1074-8_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-1073-1
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-1074-8
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)