Skip to main content

Overview of Lung Transplant

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Clinical Thoracic Anesthesia
  • 585 Accesses

Abstract

Over the last three decades, lung transplantation has evolved from an experimental procedure to definitive treatment option for patients with end-stage pulmonary disease, especially when all other therapeutic measures have been unsuccessful. Lung transplant (LT) has provided to a large number of patients an increased survival benefit [1] along with improved health-related quality of life [2], as observed after other solid organ transplantations [3]. Lung transplantation encompasses lobar, single lung, sequential bilateral lung and combined heart lung transplantation. Double lung transplant is a more frequently performed procedure worldwide, [4] with better long-term survival observed in comparison to single lung transplantation when done for certain specific diseases [5].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Vock DM, Durheim MT, Tsuang WM, et al. Survival benefit of lung transplantation in the modern era of lung allocation. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(2):172–81.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Singer JP, Katz PP, Soong A, et al. Effect of lung transplantation on health-related quality of life in the era of the lung allocation score: a U.S. prospective cohort study. Am J Transplant. 2017;17(5):1334–45.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Kugler C, Gottlieb J, Warnecke G, et al. Health-related quality of life after solid organ transplantation: a prospective, multiorgan cohort study. Transplantation. 2013;96(3):316–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Chambers DC, Yusen RD, Cherikh WS, et al. The registry of the international society for heart and lung transplantation: thirty-fourth adult lung and heart-lung transplantation report-2017; focus theme: allograft ischemic time. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2017;36(10):1047–59.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Aryal S, Nathan SD. Single vs bilateral lung transplantation: when and why. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2018;23(3):316–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Hardy JD, Webb WR, Dalton ML Jr, et al. Lung homotransplantations in man. JAMA. 1963;186:1065–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Toronto Lung Transplant Group. Unilateral lung transplantation for pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:1140–5.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Weill D, Benden C, Corris PA, et al. A consensus document for the selection of lung transplant candidates: 2014-an update from the Pulmonary Transplantation Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2015;34(1):1–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Egan TM, Murray S, Bustami RT, et al. Development of the new lung allocation system in the United States. Am J Transplant. 2006;6:1212–27.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. McCurry KR, Shearon TH, Edwards LB, et al. Lung transplantation in the United States, 1998–2007. Am J transplant. 2009;9(Part 2):942–58.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Egan TM, Edwards LB. Effect of lung allocation score on lung transplantation in the United States. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2016;35(4):433–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Rosengard BR, Feng S, Alfrey EJ, et al. Report of the crystal city meeting to maximise the use of organs recovered from the cadaver donor. Am J Transplant. 2002;2:701–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Rosendale JD, Kauffman HM, Mcbride MA, et al. Aggressive pharmacological donor management results in more transplanted organs. Transplantation. 2003;75:482–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Abdelnour T, Rieke S. Relationship of hormonal resuscitation therapy and central venous pressure on increasing organs for transplant. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2009;28(5):480–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Mascia L, Pasero D, Slutsky AS, et al. Effect of a lung protective strategy for organ donors on eligibility and availability of lungs for transplantation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 304(23):2620–7.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Soluri-Martins A, Sutherasan Y, Silva PL, et al. How to minimise ventilator-induced lung injury in transplanted lungs: the role of protective ventilation and other strategies. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2015;32(12):828–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Kirschbaum CE, Hudson S. Increasing organ yield through a lung management protocol. Prog Transplant. 2010;20(1):28–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Botha P, Rostron AJ, Fisher AJ, et al. Current strategies in donor selection and management. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;20:143–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Courtwright A, Cantu E. Evaluation and management of the potential lung donor. Clin Chest Med. 2017;38(4):751–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Reyes KG, Mason DP, Thuita L, et al. Guidelines for donor lung selection: time for revision? Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;89(06):1756–65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Chaney J, Suzuki Y, Cantu E III, et al. Lung donor selection criteria. J Thorac Dis. 2014;6(8):1032–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Moreno P, Alvarez A, Santos F, et al. Extended recipients but not extended donors are associated with poor outcomes following lung transplantation. Eur J Cardio Thorac Surg. 2014;45:1040–7.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Puri V, Patterson GA. Adult lung transplantation: technical considerations. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;20(2):152–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. de Perrot M, Fischer S, Liu M, et al. Prostaglandin E1 protects lung transplants from ischemia-reperfusion injury: a shift from pro-to anti-inflammatory cytokines. Transplantation. 2001;72(9):1505–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Müller C, Fürst H, Reichenspurner H, et al. Lung procurement by low-potassium dextran and the effect on preservation injury. Munich Lung Transplant Group. Transplantation. 1999;68(8):1139–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. DeCampos KN, Keshavjee S, Liu M, et al. Optimal inflation volume for hypothermic preservation of rat lungs. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1998;17(6):599–607.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Van Raemdonck D, Neyrinck A, Verleden GM, et al. Lung donor selection and management. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2009;6(1):28–38.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Okazaki M, Date H, Inokawa H, et al. Optimal time for post-mortem heparinization in canine lung transplantation with non-heart-beating donors. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2006;25(4):454–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Gomez-de-Antonio D, Campo-Cañaveral JL, Crowley S, et al. Clinical lung transplantation from uncontrolled non-heart-beating donors revisited. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2012;31(4):349–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Rabanal JM, Ibañez AM, Mons R, et al. Influence of preservation solution on early lung function (Euro-Collins vs Perfadex). Transplant Proc 2003. 2003;35(5):1938–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Munshi L, Keshavjee S, Cypel M. Donor management and lung preservation for lung transplantation. Lancet Respir Med. 2013;1(4):318–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Yamazaki F, Yokomise H, Keshavjee SH, et al. The superiority of an extracellular fluid solution over Euro-Collins solution for pulmonary preservation. Transplantation. 1990;49(4):690–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Sasaki S, McCully JD, Alessandrini F, et al. Impact of initial flush potassium concentration on the adequacy of lung preservation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1995;109(6):1090–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Maccherini M, Keshavjee SH, Slutsky AS, et al. The effect of low-potassium-dextran versus Euro-Collins solution for preservation of isolated type II pneumocytes. Transplantation. 1991;52(4):621–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Fiser SM, Kron IL, Long SM, et al. Influence of graft ischemic time on outcomes following lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2001;20(12):1291–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Mason DP, Brizzio ME, Alster JM, et al. Lung transplantation for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;84(4):1121–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Meyers BF, Lynch JP, Trulock EP, et al. Single versus bilateral lung transplantation for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a ten-year institutional experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000;120(1):99–107.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Schaffer JM, Singh SK, Reitz BA, et al. Single-vs double-lung transplantation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis since the implementation of lung allocation based on medical need. JAMA. 2015;313(9):936–48.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Gadre S, Turowski J, Budev M. Overview of lung transplantation, heart-lung transplantation, liver-lung transplantation, and combined hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and lung transplantation. Clin Chest Med. 2017;38(4):623–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Whited WM, Henley P, Schumer EM, et al. Does donor age and double versus single lung transplant affect survival of young recipients? Ann Thorac Surg. 105(1):235–41.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Avlonitis VS, Fisher AJ, Kirby JA, et al. Pulmonary transplantation: the role of brain death in donor lung injury. Transplantation. 2003;75(12):1928–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Wigfield C. Donation after cardiac death for lung transplantation: a review of current clinical practice. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2014;19(5):455–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Costa J, Shah L, Robbins H, et al. Use of lung allografts from donation after cardiac death donors: a single-center experience. Ann Thorac Surg. 2018;105(1):271–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Cypel M, Yeung JC, Keshavjee S. Novel approaches to expanding the lung donor pool: donation after cardiac death and ex vivo conditioning. Clin Chest Med. 2011;32(2):233–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Reeb J, Keshavjee S, Cypel M. Expanding the lung donor pool: advancements and emerging pathways. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2015;20(5):498–505.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Mariani AW, Pêgo-Fernandes PM, Abdalla LG, et al. Ex vivo lung reconditioning: a new era for lung transplantation. J Bras Pneumol. 2012;38(6):776–85.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Cypel M, Yeung JC, Machuca T, et al. Experience with the first 50 ex vivo lung perfusions in clinical transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;144(5):1200–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Wallinder A, Riise GC, Ricksten SE, et al. Transplantation after ex vivo lung perfusion: a midterm follow-up. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2016;35(11):1303–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Machuca TN, Hsin MK, Ott HC, et al. Injury-specific ex vivo treatment of the donor lung: pulmonary thrombolysis followed by successful lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188:878–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Nakajima D, Cypel M, Bonato R, et al. Ex vivo perfusion treatment of infection in human donor lungs. Am J Transplant. 2016;16:1229–37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Nakajima D, Liu M, Ohsumi A, et al. Lung lavage and surfactant replacement during ex vivo lung perfusion for treatment of gastric acid aspiration-induced donor lung injury. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2017;36:577–85.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Date H. Living-related lung transplantation. J Thorac Dis. 2017;9(9):3362–71.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Date H, Sato M, Aoyama A, et al. Living-donor lobar lung transplantation provides similar survival to cadaveric lung transplantation even for very ill patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2015;47:967–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Marasco SF, Than S, Keating D, et al. Cadaveric lobar lung transplantation: technical aspects. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;93(6):1836–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Slama A, Ghanim B, Klikovits T, et al. Lobar lung transplantation—is it comparable with standard lung transplantation? Transpl Int. 2014;27(9):909–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Crotti S, Lissoni A. ECMO as a bridge to transplant. In: Sangall F, Patroniti N, Pesenti A, editors. ECMO-extracorporeal life support in adults. Milan: Springer; 2014. p. 293–302.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Reeb J, Olland A, Renaud S, et al. Vascular access for extracorporeal life support: tips and tricks. J Thorac Dis. 2016;8(Suppl 4):S353–63.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Chiumello D, Coppola S, Froio S, et al. Extracorporeal life support as bridge to lung transplantation: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2015;19:19.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Girgis RE, Khaghani A. A global perspective of lung transplantation: part 1-recipient selection and choice of procedure. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract. 2016;5.A.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Moser B, Jaksch P, Taghavi S, et al. Lung transplantation for idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension on intraoperative and postoperatively prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation provides optimally controlled reperfusion and excellent outcome. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2018;53(1):178–85.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Ius F, Sommer W, Tudorache I, et al. Five-year experience with intraoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in lung transplantation: indications and midterm results. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2016;35(1):49–58.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Razvi S, Quittell L, Sewall A, et al. Respiratory microbiology of patients with cystic fibrosis in the United States, 1995 to 2005. Chest. 2009;136(6):1554–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Chaparro C, Maurer J, Gutierrez C, et al. Infection with Burkholderia cepacia in cystic fibrosis: outcome following lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163(1):43–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Leung JM, Olivier KN. Nontuberculous mycobacteria in patients with cystic fibrosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;34(1):124–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Bridges N, Rowe R, Holt RIG. Unique challenges of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes. Diabet Med. 2018;35:1181–8.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Gelfond D, Borowitz D. Gastrointestinal complications of cystic fibrosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11(4):333–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Hayanga AJ, Aboagye JK, Hayanga HE, et al. Contemporary analysis of early outcomes after lung transplantation in the elderly using a national registry. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2015;34(2):182–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Sherman W, Rabkin DG, Ross D, et al. Lung transplantation and coronary artery disease. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;92(1):303–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Furuya Y, Jayarajan SN, Taghavi S, et al. The impact of alemtuzumab and basiliximab induction on patient survival and time to bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in double lung transplantation recipients. Am J Transplant. 2016;16(8):2334–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Benveuto LJ, Anderson MR, Arcasoy SM. New frontiers in immunosuppression. J Thorac Dis. 2018;10(5):3141–55.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Hayanga JW, D’Cunha J. The surgical technique of bilateral sequential lung transplantation. J Thorac Dis. 2014;6(8):1063–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Nicoara A, Anderson-Dam J. Anaesthesia for lung transplantation. Anesthesiol Clin. 2017;35(3):473–89.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Marseu K, Slinger P, de Perrot M, et al. Dynamic hyperinflation and cardiac arrest during one-lung ventilation: a case report. Can J Anesth. 2011;58(4):396–400.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Myles PS. Pulmonary transplantation. In: Kaplan JA, Slinger PD, editors. Thoracic anaesthesia. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2003. p. 295–314.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Sheybani S, Attar AS, Golshan S, et al. Effect of propofol and isoflurane on gas exchange parameters following one-lung ventilation in thoracic surgery: a double-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial. Electron Phys. 2018;10(2):6346–53.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Módolo NS, Módolo MP, Marton MA, et al. Intravenous versus inhalation anaesthesia for one-lung ventilation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;7:CD006313.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Schilling T, Kozian A, Senturk M, et al. Effects of volatile and intravenous anaesthesia on the alveolar and systemic inflammatory response in thoracic surgical patients. Anesthesiology. 2011;115(1):65–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Guth S, Prüfer D, Thorsten Kramm T, et al. Length of pressure-controlled reperfusion is critical for reducing ischaemia-reperfusion injury in an isolated rabbit lung model. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007;2:54.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Barnes L, Reed RM, Parekh RK, et al. Mechanical ventilation for the lung transplant recipient. Curr Pulmonol Rep. 2015;4(2):88–96.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Thys DM, Brooker RF, Cahalan MK, et al. Practice guidelines for perioperative transesophageal echocardiography. An updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Task Force on transesophageal echocardiography. Anesthesiology. 2010;112:1084–96.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Evans A, Dwarakanath S, Hogue C, et al. Intraoperative echocardiography for patients undergoing lung transplantation. Anesth Analg. 2014;118(4):725–30.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Gorcsan J 3rd, Reddy SC, Armitage JM, et al. Acquired right ventricular outflow tract obstruction after lung transplantation: diagnosis by transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1993;6(3 Pt 1):324–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Huppert LA, Matthay MA. Alveolar fluid clearance in pathologically relevant conditions: in vitro and in vivo models of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Front Immunol. 2017;8:371.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Sugita M, Ferraro P, Dagenais A, et al. Alveolar liquid clearance and sodium channel expression are decreased in transplanted canine lungs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167(10):1440–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Pilcher DV, Scheinkestel CD, Snell GI, et al. High central venous pressure is associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation and increased mortality after lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;129(4):912–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Geube MA, Perez-Protto SE, McGrath TL, et al. Increased intraoperative fluid administration is associated with severe primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation. Anesth Analg. 2016;122(4):1081–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Diamond JM, Lee JC, Kawut SM, et al. Clinical risk factors for primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(5):527–34.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Weber D, Cottini SR, Locher P, et al. Association of intraoperative transfusion of blood products with mortality in lung transplant recipients. Perioper Med (Lond). 2013;2(1):20.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Machuca TN, Collaud S, Mercier O, et al. Outcomes of intraoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation versus cardiopulmonary bypass for lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015;149(4):1152–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Ius F, Kuehn C, Tudorache I, et al. Lung transplantation on cardiopulmonary support: venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation outperformed cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;144(6):1510–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Pettenuzzo T, Faggi G, Di Gregorio G, et al. Blood products transfusion and mid-term outcomes of lung transplanted patients under extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Prog Transplant. 2018;28(4):314–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Christie JD, Carby M, Bag R, et al. Report of the ISHLT working group on primary lung graft dysfunction part II: definition. A consensus statement of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2005;24(10):1454–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Snell GI, Yusen RD, Weill D, et al. Report of the ISHLT working group on primary lung graft dysfunction, part I: Definition and grading-A 2016 consensus group statement of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2017;36(10):1097–103.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Fan E, Del Sorbo L, Goligher EC, et al. An official American Thoracic Society/European Society of Intensive Care Medicine/Society of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice guideline: mechanical ventilation in adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195(9):1253–63.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Van Raemdonck D, Hartwig MG, Hertz MI, et al. Report of the ISHLT working group on primary lung graft dysfunction part IV: prevention and treatment: a 2016 consensus group statement of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2017;36(10):1121–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Hutchins J, Apostolidou I, Shumway S, et al. Paravertebral catheter use for postoperative pain control in patients after lung transplant surgery: a prospective observational study. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2017;31(1):142–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Augoustides JG, Savino JS. Vasopressin: the perioperative gift that keeps on giving. Anesthesiology. 2014;121(5):914–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Atz AM, Adatia I, Wessel DL. Rebound pulmonary hypertension after inhalation of nitric oxide. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;62(6):1759–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kumar, A. (2020). Overview of Lung Transplant. In: Sood, J., Sharma, S. (eds) Clinical Thoracic Anesthesia. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0746-5_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0746-5_17

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-15-0745-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-15-0746-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics