Abstract
The goal of this paper is to introduce a new notion called “Consensus Game (CG)” with motivation from the mechanism design of blockchain economy under the consensus incentives from Bitcoin ecosystems in financial technology (Fintech), we then establish the general existence results for consensus equilibria of consensus games in terms of corresponding interpretation based on the viewpoint of Blockchain consensus in Fintech by applying the concept of hybrid solutions in game theory. As applications, our discussion in this paper for the illustration of some issues and problems on the stability of mining pool-games for miners by applying consensus games shows that the concept of consensus equilibria could be used as a fundamental tool for the study of consensus economics under the framework of Blockchain economy in Fintech.
This research is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11501349 and U181140002) in Part.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Askoura, Y.: The weak-core of a game in normal form with a continuum of players. J. Math. Econ. 47(1), 43–47 (2011)
Askoura, Y., Sbihi, M., Tikobaini, H.: The exante \(\alpha -\)core for normal form games with uncertainty. J. Math. Econ. 49(2), 157–162 (2013)
Askoura, Y.: An interim core for normal form games and exchange economies with incomplete information. J. Math. Econ. 58, 38–45 (2015)
Askoura, Y.: On the core of normal form games with a continuum of players. Math. Soc. Sci. 89, 32–42 (2017)
Aumann, R.J.: The core of a cooperative game without sidepayments. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 98, 539–552 (1961)
Badertscher, C., Maurer, U., Tschudi, D., Zikas, V.: Bitcoin as a transaction ledger: a composable treatment. In: Katz, J., Shacham, H. (eds.) CRYPTO 2017. LNCS, vol. 10401, pp. 324–356. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63688-7_11
Badertscher, C., Garay, J., Maurer, U., Tschudi, D., Zikas, V.: But why does it work? A rational protocol design treatment of bitcoin. In: Nielsen, J.B., Rijmen, V. (eds.) EUROCRYPT 2018. LNCS, vol. 10821, pp. 34–65. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78375-8_2
Bahackm, L.: Theoretical Bitcoin Attacks with less than Half of the Computational Power. Technical Report abs/1312.7013, CoRR (2013)
Biais, B., Bisire, C., Bouvard, M., Casamatta, C.: The blockchain folk theorem. Rev. Financ. Stud. 32(5), 1662–1715 (2019)
Bonneau, J., Miller, A., Clark, J., Narayanan, A., Kroll, A., Felten, E.: Research Perspectives and Challenges for Bitcoin and Cryptocurrencies. In: Proceedings of the 36th IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, San Jose, California, USA, May 18–20, 2015
Border, K.C.: A core existence theorem for games without ordered preferences. Econometrica 52(6), 1537–1542 (1984)
Carlsten, M., Kalodner, H., Weinberg, S.M., Narayanan, A.: On the instability of Bitcoin without the block reward. In: Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, ACM, pp. 154C67, Vienna, Austria, October 24–28, 2016
Chen, M., Wu, Q., Yang, B.: How valuable is FinTech innovation? Revi. Financ. Stud. 32(5), 2062–2106 (2019)
Chiu, J., Koeppl, T.: Blockchain-based settlement for asset trading. Rev. Financ. Stud. 32(5), 1716–1753 (2019)
Cong, L.W., He, Z.: Blockchain disruption and smart contracts. Rev. Financ. Stud. 32(5), 1754–1797 (2019)
D’Acunto, F., Prabhala, N., Rossi, A.G.: The promises and pitfalls of Robo-Advising. Rev. Financ. Stud. 32(5), 1983–2020 (2019)
Dai, J., Vasarhelyi, M.A.: Toward blockchain-based accounting and assurance. J. Inf. Syst. 31, 5–21 (2017)
Eyal, I.: The miners dilemma. In: Proceedings of the 36th IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, San Jose, California, USA, May 18–20, 2015
Eyal, I., Sirer, E.G.: Majority is not enough: Bitcoin mining is vulnerable. In: Christin, N., Safavi-Naini, R. (eds.) FC 2014. LNCS, vol. 8437, pp. 436–454. Springer, Heidelberg (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45472-5_28
Florenzano, M.: On the nonemptiness of the core of a coalitional production economy without ordered preferences. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 141, 484–490 (1989)
Foley, S., Karlsen, J.R., Putnins, T.: Sex, Drugs, and Bitcoin: how much illegal activity is financed through Cryptocurrencies? Rev. Financ. Stud. 32(5), 1798–1853 (2019)
Fuster, A., Plosser, M., Schnabl, P., Vickery, J.: The role of technology in mortgage lending. Rev. Financ. Stud. 32(5), 1854–1899 (2019)
Garay, J.A., Katz, J., Tackmann, B., Zikas, V.: How fair is your protocol? A utility-based approach to protocol optimality. In: Georgiou, G., Spirakis, P.G. (eds.) The 34th ACM PODC, ACM. pp. 281–290, July 2015
Garay, J.A., Kiayias, A., Leonardos, N.: The Bitcoin Backbone Protocol: Analysis and Applications. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2014/765 (2014)
Garay, J., Kiayias, A., Leonardos, N.: The bitcoin backbone protocol: analysis and applications. In: Oswald, E., Fischlin, M. (eds.) EUROCRYPT 2015. LNCS, vol. 9057, pp. 281–310. Springer, Heidelberg (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46803-6_10
Garay, J., Kiayias, A., Leonardos, N.: The bitcoin backbone protocol with chains of variable difficulty. In: Katz, J., Shacham, H. (eds.) CRYPTO 2017. LNCS, vol. 10401, pp. 291–323. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63688-7_10
Goldstein, I., Jiang, W., Karolyi, G.: To FinTech and beyond. Rev. Financ. Stud. 32(5), 1647–1661 (2019)
Ichiishi, T.: A social coalitional equilibrium existence lemma. Econometrica 49, 369–377 (1981)
Kajii, A.: A generalization of Scarf’s theorem: an \(\alpha -\)core existence theorem without transitivity or completeness. J. Econ. Theory 56, 194–205 (1992)
Kiayias, A., Koutsoupias, E, Kyropoulou, M, Tselekounis, Y.: Blockchain mining games. In: 2016 ACM Conference on Economics and Computation, Maastricht, The Netherlands, 24–28 July 2016
Kroll, J., Davey, I., Felten, E.: The economics of Bitcoin mining, or Bitcoin in the presence of adversaries. In: Proceedings of The Twelfth Workshop on the Economics of Information Security (WEIS 2013), Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA, 11–12 June 2013
Lefebvre, I.: An alternative proof of the nonemptiness of the private core. Econ. Theor. 18(2), 275–291 (2001)
Martins-da-Rocha, V.F., Yannelis, N.: Nonemptiness of the alpha core. Working paper. Manchester School of Social Sciences, University of Manchester (2011)
Miller, A.: Feather-forks: enforcing a blacklist with sub-\(50\%\) hash power. bitcointalk.org, October 2013
Miller, A., LaViola Jr., J.J.: Anonymous byzantine consensus from moderately-hard puzzles: a model for Bitcoin (2014)
Nakamoto, S.: Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system (2008). http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
Narayanan, A., Bonneau, J., Felten, E., Miller, A., Goldfeder, S.: Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies: A Comprehensive Introduction Hardcover. Princeton University Press, Princeton (2016)
Noguchi, M.: Cooperative equilibria of finite games with incomplete information. J. Math. Econ. 55, 4–10 (2018)
Noguchi, M.: Alpha cores of games with nonatomic asymmetric information. J. Math. Econ. 75, 1–12 (2018)
Nyumbayire, C.: The Nakamoto Consensus. https://www.interlogica.it/en/insight-en/nakamoto-consensus. Insight, Interlogica, February 2017
Pass, R., Seeman, L., Shelat, A.: Analysis of the blockchain protocol in asynchronous networks. In: Coron, J.-S., Nielsen, J.B. (eds.) EUROCRYPT 2017. LNCS, vol. 10211, pp. 643–673. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56614-6_22
Rosenfeld, M.: Analysis of Bitcoin pooled mining reward systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:1112.4980 (2011)
Sapirshtein, A., Sompolinsky, Y., Zohar, A.: Optimal selfish mining strategies in Bitcoin. In: Grossklags, J., Preneel, B. (eds.) FC 2016. LNCS, vol. 9603, pp. 515–532. Springer, Heidelberg (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54970-4_30
Scarf, H.E.: On the existence of a cooperative solution for a general class of n-person games. J. Econ. Theor. 3, 169–181 (1971)
Shafer, W., Sonnenschein, H.: Equilibrium in abstract economies without ordered preferences. J. Math. Econ. 2, 345–348 (1975)
Tang, H.: Peer-to-Peer lenders versus banks: substitutes or complements? Rev. Financ. Stud. 32(5), 1900–1938 (2019)
Tsabary, I., Eyal, I.: The gap game. In: Proceedings of the 2018 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS 18) (2018)
Uyanik, M.: On the nonemptiness of the \(\alpha -\)core of discontinuous games: transferable and nontransferable utilities. J. Econ. Theor. 158, 213–231 (2015)
Vallée, B., Zeng, Y.: Marketplace lending: a new banking paradigm? Rev. Financ. Stud. 32(5), 1939–1982 (2019)
Weber, S.: Some results on the weak core of a non-side-payment game with infinitely many players. J. Math. Econ. 8, 101–111 (1981)
Yannelis, N.C., Prabhakar, N.D.: Existence of maximal elements and equilibria in linear topological spaces. J. Math. Econ. 12, 233–245 (1983)
Yang, Z.: Some infinite-player generalizations of Scarf’s theorem: finite-coalition \(\alpha -\)cores and weak \(\alpha -\)cores. J. Math. Econ. 73, 81–85 (2017)
Yang, Z.: Some generalizations of Kajii’s theorem to games with infinitely many players. J. Math. Econ. 76, 131–135 (2018)
Yang, Z., Yuan, X.Z.: Some generalizations of Zhao’s theorem: bybrid solutions and weak hybrid solutions for games with nonordered preferences. J. Math. Econ. 84, 94–100 (2019)
Yuan, X.Z.: The study of equilibria for abstract economies in topological vector spaces-a unified approach. Nonlinear Anal. 37, 409–430 (1999)
Zappala, J., Alechina, N., Logan, B.: Consensus games. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2012), pp. 1309–1310 (2012)
Zhao, J.: The hybrid solutions of an \(N\)-person game. Games Econ. Behav. 4, 145–160 (1992)
Yuan, X.Z, Di, L., Zeng, T.: The Existence of consensus games for data trading under the framework of Internet of Things (IoT) with blockchain ecosystems. Working Paper. School of FinTech, Shanghai Lixin University of Accounting and Finance (2019)
Zhu, C.: Big data as a governance mechanism. Rev. Financ. Stud. 32(5), 2021–2061 (2019)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Di, L., Yang, Z., Yuan, G.X. (2019). The Consensus Games for Consensus Economics Under the Framework of Blockchain in Fintech. In: Li, DF. (eds) Game Theory. EAGT 2019. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1082. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0657-4_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0657-4_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-0656-7
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-0657-4
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)