Abstract
Globalization has become key to the development of countries based on cooperation and investment, forming a network of joint association and development. But the race to develop the national STI system has always existed among “pioneering countries”, producing spectacular breakthroughs that, in some sense, allow countries that started later to quickly shorten the development gap. This can only be achieved once appropriate planning policies are implemented, so that these countries can grasp opportunities emerging from international integration. Besides, in a fiercely competitive climate, less developed countries can learn from more developed nations to refine their STI system by enacting appropriate policy solutions suitable for the local context. This chapter presents the lessons learned from Sweden, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of Korea, and Singapore on the development of STI system, and these lessons are analyzed for the key factors that contribute to the developments of the STI system in these countries. From there, the author raises issues and suggestions for STI system development and the STI policymaking process in Vietnam in the context of international integration.
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Notes
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https://ssci.se/en/news/swedish-innovation-system-unique (19/06/2019).
- 3.
Research and Innovation Bill of Government of Sweden, pp. 14–15.
- 4.
Triple helix is a term used when discussing innovation and creativity policies with three main participating forces: entrepreneurs (the business community or owners of innovations); research institutes or universities (organizations creating knowledge, supporting the process of innovation), and the state (which supports the process of innovation through funding or technical assistance). These three forces create a tripodal posture where they need to work closely together to strengthen the innovation system. The model of the triple helix three-legged tripod is considered to have been successfully applied in the Netherlands and Finland.
- 5.
Stefan Einarsson and Filip Wijkström (2015). European Foundations for Research and Innovation EUFORI Study. Publications Office of the European Union.
- 6.
Roger Svensson—Mälardalen University & IFN—Research Institute of Industrial Economics (2008). Vinova report (2008). Growth through research and development—what does the research literature say?
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OECD (2016). OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Sweden 2016, p. 65.
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Eurostat (2019). First estimates of Research & Development expenditure. R&D expenditure in the EU increased slightly to 2.07% of GDP in 2017. Two-thirds was spent in the business enterprise sector. New release from 5/2019–10 January 2019.
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Government Office of Sweden (2012). The Swedish Innovation Strategy 2020, p. 21.
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EU Scoreboard Innovation Index 2015, p. 10.
- 15.
Global Innovation Index 2018, Germany. Read more in: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2018-profile15.pdf.
- 16.
OECD (2013), OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2013.
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Marianne Hoffmann (2018) presentation on the Fraunhofer model technology transfer from universities to industry in Japanese-German symposium 26–27.4.2018, Tokyo.
- 19.
- 20.
- 21.
Klaus Schwab (Editor) World Economic Forum (2018). The Global Competitiveness Report 2018.
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Soumitra Dutta, Rafael Escalona Reynoso, Antanina Garanasvili, and Kritika Saxena, SC Johnson College of Business, Cornell University Bruno Lanvin, INSEAD Sacha Wunsch-Vincent, Lorena Rivera León, and Francesca Guadagno∗, WIPO (2018). The Global Innovation Index 2018: Energizing the World with Innovation, p. 17.
- 23.
European Innovation Scoreboard 2019, Germany, p. 47.
- 24.
OECD Economic Outlook, No. 95 (2014), OECD Economic Surveys KOREA Overview.
- 25.
OECD (2014), OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2014.
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Olbrich, P., & Witjes, N. (2014). Rethinking Borders of National Systems of Innovation: Austrian Perspectives on Korea’s Internationalization of Green Technologies. STI Policy Review, 5(2), 65–95.
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Klaus Schwab (2014), The Global Competitiveness Report 2014–2015, World Economic Forum.
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OECD (2014), OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2014.
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Olbrich, P., & Witjes, N. (2014). Rethinking Borders of National Systems of Innovation: Austrian Perspectives on Korea’s Internationalization of Green Technologies. STI Policy Review, 5(2), 65–95.
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OECD (2014), OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2014.
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Anthony Fensom (2014), Park Warns South Korea: Change or Perish, http://thediplomat.com/2014/02/park-warns-south-korea-change-or-perish/.
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Jasmine Kway (2013), University and Industry Relations in Singapore. The translated document of Center for Higher Education Evaluation and Research, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Vietnam. International Education Information Magazine, No. 10, 2013.
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See IPOS (2019), Singapore’s IP ranking.
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OECD (2011), Review of Innovation in South-East Asia Country Profile: Singapore.
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Cornell University (2016), The Global Innovation Index 2016: Winning the Global Innovation, WIPO.
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Shaker, Richard Ross (September 2015), The Spatial Distribution of Development in Europe and Its Underlying Sustainability Correlations, Applied Geography. 63. p. 35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.07.009.
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Truong, D.T. (2019). Experience in Developing STI System in Some Countries in the Context of International S&T Integration. In: Perspectives on Vietnam’s Science, Technology, and Innovation Policies. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0571-3_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0571-3_2
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