Abstract
Wheel out-of-roundness (OOR), as the excitation of railway vehicle-track system, can cause intense vibration and has the potential to impose damage to both track and vehicle components. It may further increase the likelihood of derailment and deteriorate ride comfort. It is therefore necessary to study the effects of wheel OOR on the dynamic performance of these components and structures in operation. This chapter reviews the efforts on numerical simulation to analyse the properties of wheel roughness-induced vibration. The overview of wheel OOR is stated first including the initiation mechanism and consequences of wheel local defects and polygonisation. Several important issues in vehicle–track dynamic simulation for effect analysis of wheel OOR are then reviewed, including wheel defect simulation, wheel–rail contact model, the time-domain and frequency-domain approaches and different vehicle and track models.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Johansson, A., Nielsen, J.C.: Out-of-round railway wheels–wheel-rail contact forces and track response derived from field tests and numerical simulations. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part F J. Rail Rapid Transit 217(2), 135–146 (2003)
Wu, Y., Du, X., Zhang, H.J., Wen, Z.F., Jin, X.S.: Experimental analysis of the mechanism of high-order polygonal wear of wheels of a high-speed train. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. A 18(8), 579–592 (2017)
Nielsen, J.: Out-of-round railway wheels. In: Lews, R., Olofsson, U. (eds.) Wheel-Rail Interface Handbook. Woodhead Publishing, UK, pp. 245–279 (2009)
Handa, K., Kimura, Y., Mishima, Y.: Surface cracks initiation on carbon steel railway wheels under concurrent load of continuous rolling contact and cyclic frictional heat. Wear 268(1), 50–58 (2010)
Dukkipati, R.V., Dong, R.: Impact loads due to wheel flats and shells. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 31(1), 1–22 (1999)
Ahlström, J., Karlsson, B.: Microstructural evaluation and interpretation of the mechanically and thermally affected zone under railway wheel flats. Wear 232(1), 1–14 (1999)
Jergéus, J.: Martensite formation and residual stresses around railway wheel flats. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part C J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 212(1), 69–79 (1998)
Esmaeili, A., Walia, M.S., Handa, K., Ikeuchi, K., Ekh, M., Vernersson, T., Ahlström, J.: A methodology to predict thermomechanical cracking of railway wheel treads: From experiments to numerical predictions. Int. J. Fatigue 105, 71–85 (2017)
Kwon, S.J., Seo, J.W., Jun, H.K., Lee, D.H.: Damage evaluation regarding to contact zones of high-speed train wheel subjected to thermal fatigue. Eng. Fail. Anal. 55, 327–342 (2015)
Vernersson, T.: Thermally induced roughness of tread braked railway wheels: part 2: modelling and field measurements. Wear 236(1), 106–116 (1999)
Wallentin, M., Bjarnehed, H.L., Lundén, R.: Cracks around railway wheel flats exposed to rolling contact loads and residual stresses. Wear 258(7), 1319–1329 (2005)
Handa, K., Morimoto, F.: Influence of wheel/rail tangential traction force on thermal cracking of railway wheels. Wear 289, 112–118 (2012)
Zwierczyk, P.T., Váradi, K.: Thermal stress analysis of a railway wheel in sliding-rolling motion. J. Tribol. 136(3), 031401 (2014)
Haidari, A., Hosseini-Tehrani, P.: Fatigue analysis of railway wheels under combined thermal and mechanical loads. J. Therm. Stress 37(1), 34–50 (2014)
Caprioli, S., Vernersson, T., Handa, K., Ikeuchi, K.: Thermal cracking of railway wheels: towards experimental validation. Tribol. Int. 94, 409–420 (2016)
Vernersson, T.: Thermally induced roughness of tread-braked railway wheels: part 1: brake rig experiments. Wear 236(1), 96–105 (1999)
Petersson, M.: Noise-related roughness of railway wheel treads-full-scale testing of brake blocks. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part F J. Rail Rapid Transit 214(2), 63–77 (2000)
Vakkalagadda, M.R.K., Srivastava, D.K., Mishra, A., Racherla, V.: Performance analyses of brake blocks used by Indian Railways. Wear 328, 64–76 (2015)
Braghin, F., Lewis, R., Dwyer-Joyce, R.S., Bruni, S.: A mathematical model to predict railway wheel profile evolution due to wear. Wear 261(11), 1253–1264 (2006)
Pearce, T.G., Sherratt, N.D.: Prediction of wheel profile wear. Wear 144(1–2), 343–351 (1991)
Bevan, A., Molyneux-Berry, P., Eickhoff, B., Burstow, M.: Development and validation of a wheel wear and rolling contact fatigue damage model. Wear 307(1), 100–111 (2013)
Ekberg, A., Kabo, E., Andersson, H.: An engineering model for prediction of rolling contact fatigue of railway wheels. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 25(10), 899–909 (2002)
Johansson, A., Andersson, C.: Out-of-round railway wheels—a study of wheel polygonalization through simulation of three-dimensional wheel–rail interaction and wear. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 43(8), 539–559 (2005)
Johansson, A., Nielsen, J.C.: Rail corrugation growth—influence of powered wheelsets with wheel tread irregularities. Wear 262(11), 1296–1307 (2007)
Li, X., Jin, X., Wen, Z., Cui, D., Zhang, W.: A new integrated model to predict wheel profile evolution due to wear. Wear 271(1), 227–237 (2011)
Tao, G.Q., Du, X., Zhang, H.J., Wen, Z.F., Jin, X.S., Cui, D.B.: Development and validation of a model for predicting wheel wear in high-speed trains. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. A 18(8), 603–616 (2017)
Luo, R., Shi, H., Teng, W., Song, C.: Prediction of wheel profile wear and vehicle dynamics evolution considering stochastic parameters for high-speed train. Wear 392, 126–138 (2017)
Liu, Y., Stratman, B., Mahadevan, S.: Fatigue crack initiation life prediction of railroad wheels. Int. J. Fatigue 28(7), 747–756 (2006)
Liu, Y., Liu, L., Stratman, B., Mahadevan, S.: Multiaxial fatigue reliability analysis of railroad wheels. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 93(3), 456–467 (2008)
Taraf, M., Zahaf, E.H., Oussouaddi, O., Zeghloul, A.: Numerical analysis for predicting the rolling contact fatigue crack initiation in a railway wheel steel. Tribol. Int. 43(3), 585–593 (2010)
Sandström, J.: Subsurface rolling contact fatigue damage of railway wheels-a probabilistic analysis. Int. J. Fatigue 37, 146–152 (2012)
Jergeus, J., Odenmarck, C., Lunden, R., Sotkovszki, P., Karlsson, B., Gullers, P.: Full-scale railway wheel flat experiments. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part F J. Rail Rapid Transit 213(1), 1–13 (1999)
Kouroussis, G., Connolly, D.P., Verlinden, O.: Railway-induced ground vibrations—a review of vehicle effects. Int. J. Rail Transp. 2(2), 69–110 (2014)
Jin, X.S.: Key problems faced in high-speed train operation. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. A 15(12), 936–945 (2014)
Jin, X., Xiao, X., Wen, Z., Guo, J., Zhu, M.: An investigation into the effect of train curving on wear and contact stresses of wheel and rail. Tribol. Int. 42(3), 475–490 (2009)
Ekberg, A., Kabo, E., Nielsen, J.C., Lundén, R.: Subsurface initiated rolling contact fatigue of railway wheels as generated by rail corrugation. Int. J. Solids Struct. 44(24), 7975–7987 (2007)
Ekberg, A.: Rolling contact fatigue of railway wheels. Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden (2000)
Ekberg, A., Marais, J.: Effects of imperfections on fatigue initiation in railway wheels. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part F J. Rail Rapid Transit 214(1), 45–54 (2000)
Ekberg, A., Sotkovszki, P.: Anisotropy and rolling contact fatigue of railway wheels. Int. J. Fatigue 23(1), 29–43 (2001)
Jin, X., Wu, L., Fang, J., Zhong, S., Ling, L.: An investigation into the mechanism of the polygonal wear of metro train wheels and its effect on the dynamic behaviour of a wheel/rail system. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 50(12), 1817–1834 (2012)
Kaper, H.P.: Wheel corrugation on Netherlands railways (NS): origin and effects of “polygonization” in particular. J. Sound Vib. 120(2), 267–274 (1988)
Meinke, P., Meinke, S.: Polygonalization of wheel treads caused by static and dynamic imbalances. J. Sound Vib. 227(5), 979–986 (1999)
Ma, W., Luo, S., Song, R.: Abnormal vertical dynamic performance of subway vehicles. Chin. J. Mech. Eng. (English Edition) 23(2), 174–179 (2010)
Ma, W., Song, R., Luo, S.: Study on the mechanism of the formation of polygon-shaped wheels on subway vehicles. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part F J. Rail Rapid Transit 230(1), 129–137 (2016)
Meywerk, M.: Polygonalization of railway wheels. Arch. Appl. Mech. 69(2), 105–120 (1999)
Cui, D.B., Lin, L., Song, C.Y.: Out of round high-speed wheel and its influence on wheel/rail behavior. J. Mech. Eng. 49, 8–16 (2013)
Pan, R., Zhao, X., Liu, P., Ren, R.: Micro-mechanism of polygonization wear on railroad wheels. Wear 392, 213–220 (2017)
Brommundt, E.: A simple mechanism for the polygonalization of railway wheels by wear. Mech. Res. Commun. 24(4), 435–442 (1997)
Enblom, R.: Deterioration mechanisms in the wheel–rail interface with focus on wear prediction: a literature review. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 47(6), 661–700 (2009)
Zhang, J., Han, G.X., Xiao, X.B., Wang, R.Q., Zhao, Y., Jin, X.S.: Influence of wheel polygonal wear on interior noise of high-speed trains. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. A 15(12), 1002–1018 (2014)
Zhang, J., Xiao, X.B., Han, G., Deng, Y., Jin, X.S.: Study on abnormal interior noise of high-speed trains. In: Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems, pp. 691–698. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2015)
Barke, D.W., Chiu, W.K.: A review of the effects of out-of-round wheels on track and vehicle components. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part F J. Rail Rapid Transit 219(3), 151–175 (2005)
Wu, X., Chi, M.: Study on stress states of a wheelset axle due to a defective wheel. J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 30(11), 4845–4857 (2016)
Ikeuchi, K., Handa, K., Lundén, R., Vernersson, T.: Wheel tread profile evolution for combined block braking and wheel-rail contact: Results from dynamometer experiments. Wear 366, 310–315 (2016)
ISO 2631-2: Mechanical vibration and shock—evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration—part 2: vibration in buildings (1 Hz to 80 Hz). International Organization for Standardization; Geneva, Switzerland (2003)
Nelain, B., Huber, P., Mirza, A., Oppel, M., Müller, R.: Field test measurement report—the influence from vehicle design on the generation of ground-borne vibration. RIVAS (SCP0-GA-2010-265754), Deliverable 5.6, October 2013
Wu, T.X., Thompson, D.J.: A hybrid model for the noise generation due to railway wheel flats. J. Sound Vib. 251(1), 115–139 (2002)
Verheijen, E.: A survey on roughness measurements. J. Sound Vib. 293(3), 784–794 (2006)
Dings, P.C., Dittrich, M.G.: Roughness on Dutch railway wheels and rails. J. Sound Vib. 193(1), 103–112 (1996)
Li, L., Xiao, X.B., Jin, X.S.: Interaction of subway LIM vehicle with ballasted track in polygonal wheel wear development. Acta. Mech. Sin. 27(2), 297–307 (2011)
Morys, B.: Enlargement of out-of-round wheel profiles on high speed trains. J. Sound Vib. 227(5), 965–978 (1999)
Baeza, L., Fayos, J., Roda, A., Insa, R.: High frequency railway vehicle-track dynamics through flexible rotating wheelsets. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 46(7), 647–659 (2008)
Pieringer, A., Kropp, W., Nielsen, J.C.: The influence of contact modelling on simulated wheel/rail interaction due to wheel flats. Wear 314(1), 273–281 (2014)
Alonso, A., Giménez, J.G.: Wheel–rail contact: roughness, heat generation and conforming contact influence. Tribol. Int. 41(8), 755–768 (2008)
Alonso, A., Giménez, J.G.: A new method for the solution of the normal contact problem in the dynamic simulation of railway vehicles. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 43(2), 149–160 (2005)
Nielsen, J.C., Oscarsson, J.: Simulation of dynamic train–track interaction with state-dependent track properties. J. Sound Vib. 275(3), 515–532 (2004)
Enblom, R., Berg, M.: Impact of non-elliptic contact modelling in wheel wear simulation. Wear 265(9), 1532–1541 (2008)
Baeza, L., Roda, A., Carballeira, J., Giner, E.: Railway train-track dynamics for wheelflats with improved contact models. Nonlinear Dyn. 45(3–4), 385–397 (2006)
Alonso, A., Giménez, J.G.: Some new contributions to the resolution of the normal wheel–rail contact problem. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 44(sup1), 230–239 (2006)
Piotrowski, J., Kik, W.: A simplified model of wheel/rail contact mechanics for non-Hertzian problems and its application in rail vehicle dynamic simulations. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 46(1–2), 27–48 (2008)
Quost, X., Sebes, M., Eddhahak, A., Ayasse, J.B., Chollet, H., Gautier, P.E., Thouverez, F.: Assessment of a semi-Hertzian method for determination of wheel–rail contact patch. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 44(10), 789–814 (2006)
Li, S., Li, Z., Núñez, A., Dollevoet, R.: New insights into the short pitch corrugation enigma based on 3D-FE coupled dynamic vehicle-track modeling of frictional rolling contact. Appl. Sci. 7(8), 807 (2017)
Grassie, S.L.: Models of railway track and vehicle/track interaction at high frequencies: results of benchmark test. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 25(sup1), 243–262 (1996)
Evans, J., Berg, M.: Challenges in simulation of rail vehicle dynamics. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 47(8), 1023–1048 (2009)
Baeza, L., Vila, P., Xie, G., Iwnicki, S.D.: Prediction of rail corrugation using a rotating flexible wheelset coupled with a flexible track model and a non-Hertzian/non-steady contact model. J. Sound Vib. 330(18), 4493–4507 (2011)
Ripke, B., Knothe, K.: Simulation of high frequency vehicle-track interactions. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 24(sup1), 72–85 (1995)
Wu, T.X., Thompson, D.J.: Theoretical investigation of wheel/rail non-linear interaction due to roughness excitation. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 34(4), 261–282 (2000)
Zhao, X., Li, Z., Liu, J.: Wheel–rail impact and the dynamic forces at discrete supports of rails in the presence of singular rail surface defects. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part F J. Rail Rapid Transit 226(2), 124–139 (2012)
Chaar, N., Berg, M.: Simulation of vehicle–track interaction with flexible wheelsets, moving track models and field tests. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 44(sup1), 921–931 (2006)
Zhai, W.M., Wang, Q.C., Lu, Z.W., Wu, X.S.: Dynamic effects of vehicles on tracks in the case of raising train speeds. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part F J. Rail Rapid Transit 215(2), 125–135 (2001)
Nielsen, J.C., Ekberg, A., Lundén, R.: Influence of short-pitch wheel/rail corrugation on rolling contact fatigue of railway wheels. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part F J. Rail Rapid Transit 219(3), 177–187 (2005)
Andersson, C., Abrahamsson, T.: Simulation of interaction between a train in general motion and a track. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 38(6), 433–455 (2002)
Steenbergen, M.J.: The role of the contact geometry in wheel–rail impact due to wheel flats. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 45(12), 1097–1116 (2007)
Steenbergen, M.J.: The role of the contact geometry in wheel–rail impact due to wheel flats: part II. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 46(8), 713–737 (2008)
Jing, L., Han, L.: Further study on the wheel–rail impact response induced by a single wheel flat: the coupling effect of strain rate and thermal stress. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 55(12), 1946–1972 (2017)
Wu, T.X., Thompson, D.J.: The effects of track non-linearity on wheel/rail impact. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part F J. Rail Rapid Transit 218(1), 1–15 (2004)
Bian, J., Gu, Y., Murray, M.H.: A dynamic wheel–rail impact analysis of railway track under wheel flat by finite element analysis. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 51(6), 784–797 (2013)
Han, L., Jing, L., Liu, K.: A dynamic simulation of the wheel–rail impact caused by a wheel flat using a 3-D rolling contact model. J. Mod. Transp. 25(2), 124–131 (2017)
Zhai, W.M., Sun, X.: A detailed model for investigating vertical interaction between railway vehicle and track. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 23(sup1), 603–615 (1994)
Wu, X., Chi, M., Wu, P.: Influence of polygonal wear of railway wheels on the wheel set axle stress. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 53(11), 1535–1554 (2015)
Pieringer, A., Kropp, W.: A fast time-domain model for wheel/rail interaction demonstrated for the case of impact forces caused by wheel flats. In: 7th European Conference on Noise Control 2008, EURONOISE 2008, Paris; France; 29 June 2008 through 4 July 2008
Uzzal, R.U.A., Ahmed, A.K.W., Rakheja, S.: Analysis of pitch plane railway vehicle—track interactions due to single and multiple wheel flats. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part F J. Rail Rapid Transit 223(4), 375–390 (2009)
Liu, X., Zhai, W.: Analysis of vertical dynamic wheel/rail interaction caused by polygonal wheels on high-speed trains. Wear 314(1), 282–290 (2014)
Uzzal, R.U.A., Ahmed, A.K.W., Bhat, R.B.: Modelling, validation and analysis of a three-dimensional railway vehicle–track system model with linear and nonlinear track properties in the presence of wheel flats. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 51(11), 1695–1721 (2013)
Nielsen, J.C., Lombaert, G., François, S.: A hybrid model for prediction of ground-borne vibration due to discrete wheel/rail irregularities. J. Sound Vib. 345, 103–120 (2015)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Liu, XZ. (2019). Railway Wheel Out-of-Roundness and Its Effects on Vehicle–Track Dynamics: A Review. In: Zhou, Y., Wahab, M., Maia, N., Liu, L., Figueiredo, E. (eds) Data Mining in Structural Dynamic Analysis. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0501-0_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0501-0_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-0500-3
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-0501-0
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)