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Emerging and Transboundary Animal Viruses pp 137–159Cite as

Animal Flaviviruses

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Part of the book series: Livestock Diseases and Management ((LDM))

Abstract

The burden of Flavivirus has made the whole world susceptible towards its infection. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the causative agent of Japanese encephalitis, a paediatric disease causing mortality and morbidity in children but is not limited to them. Animals are playing a crucial role in Flavivirus life cycle such as pigs are amplifying host for JEV and migratory birds are reservoirs for WNV. The resurgence of JEV majorly occurs at the time of ambient temperature and precipitation facilitating favourable breeding habitats of mosquitoes generally in paddy fields. WNV also causes neurological diseases like encephalitis in humans and mostly in horses. Despite the differences in pathogenesis and tropism, flaviviruses exhibit similarity in the overall genome organisation. CD209, C-type lectin receptor, also known as DC-SIGN, is crucial for virus attachment both for JEV and WNV. Host immune response during Flavivirus infection involves both innate and adaptive immune responses for clearance of the virus. Several vaccine candidates are available for human use; however, vaccine for livestock is underdeveloped. To improve the life expectancy of animals live attenuated virus or inactivated virus is used for the vaccination. This chapter majorly focuses on replication cycle, incidences, and prevalence in livestock, transmission cycle, risk factors, immunobiology, diagnostics, prevention, and control strategies.

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Abbreviations

CDC:

Centres for Disease Control and Prevention

DCs:

Dendritic cells

DENV:

Dengue virus

JEV:

Japanese encephalitis virus

MIF:

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor

NTPase:

Nucleotide 5′ triphosphatase

PRNT:

Plaque reduction neutralisation assay

TNF-α:

Tumour necrosis factor alpha

WHO:

World Health Organization

WNV:

West Nile virus

YFV:

Yellow fever virus

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Acknowledgements

All the authors of the manuscript thank and acknowledge their respective universities and institutes.

Conflict of interest: There is no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Advanced Research (CFAR), King George’s Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, India

    Shailendra K. Saxena & Amrita Haikerwal

  2. CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India

    Shailendra K. Saxena

  3. Department of Center for Advanced Research (CFAR), King George’s Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, India

    Swatantra Kumar

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  1. Shailendra K. Saxena
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Correspondence to Shailendra K. Saxena .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Biological Standardization, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Yashpal Singh Malik

  2. ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Raj Kumar Singh

  3. ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Mahendra Pal Yadav

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Saxena, S.K., Kumar, S., Haikerwal, A. (2020). Animal Flaviviruses. In: Malik, Y., Singh, R., Yadav, M. (eds) Emerging and Transboundary Animal Viruses . Livestock Diseases and Management. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0402-0_7

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