Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

30 Years since the Fall of the Berlin Wall pp 83–113Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Organised Crime in—and from—Communist and Post-communist States

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Economic History ((PEHS))

Abstract

While the physical gang fights so common in the 1990s are now rare in Russia, Russian organised crime (OC) has not disappeared. Rather, its nature has changed. For example, Russian criminals have a marked presence on the internet (cybercrime). Furthermore, Russian police officers have been replacing civilian OC groups in running protection rackets. But what of OC elsewhere in Communist and post-communist countries? This paper outlines its development in four post-communist and three Communist states, highlighting commonalities and differences, and suggesting structural reasons for these. It analyses the transnationalisation of crime from these countries, arguing that the collapse of Communism, globalisation, and the technological revolution are among the major factors explaining the growth of OC in and from these countries.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    In line with an increasingly common convention, Communist refers here to actual political systems (practice), communist to the ideal of communism (theory).

  2. 2.

    While post-communist states such as Estonia, Poland and Slovenia appear to have far less of a problem of OC (and the related corruption) than the four selected for analysis here, many other states—including Lithuania, Romania and Ukraine—do have serious OC issues. Siegel-Rozenblit (2011, p. 5) claims that Asian OC is a ‘relatively new phenomenon in the EU’.

  3. 3.

    Europol and several other law enforcement agencies typically use the term ‘Albanian speaking’, rather than Albanian, since ethnically Albanian Kosovars are often involved in the criminal activity they are countering. Note that Athanassopoulou (2005, p. 4), inter alia, maintains that Kosovo is ‘the notorious criminal capital’ of South Eastern Europe.

  4. 4.

    There are two main forms of hei shehui—one of which (usually translated as dark societies—hei can mean both black and dark in Chinese) is more loosely organised than the other (black societies) and does not enjoy protection provided by corrupt state officials.

  5. 5.

    China has two types of anti-OC campaigns—‘strike black’ (dahei), which are launched by local authorities, and ‘strike hard’ (yanda), which are national campaigns—See Broadhurst (2013, p. 100), Wang (2013, pp. 50–51).

  6. 6.

    In 1962, Deng argued that ‘it doesn’t matter whether a cat is black or white—if it catches mice, it is a good cat’, which has often been interpreted as meaning that the authorities will turn a blind eye to questionable practices as long as they achieve the ultimate objective of substantial economic growth. This is seen by some as having triggered widespread corruption in China once Deng came to power (1978), which in turn can stimulate OC.

  7. 7.

    Some members of Vietnamese OCGs in the United States have been former Vietnamese military officers (US Senate Sub-Committee, 1992, pp. 170, 296), but from (non-Communist) South Vietnam.

  8. 8.

    Russia does still in principle have the death penalty for murder and ‘encroachment’ on the lives of public officials, but there has been a moratorium on this since the mid-1990s.

References

  • Altozano, M. (2012, November 15). Who ate the Serbian gangster? El Pais (English edition). Retrieved from https://elpais.com/elpais/2012/11/15/inenglish/1352983479_984269.html.

  • Alux. (2018). Top 10 richest criminal organizations (Video). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MbRCGcVRz8I.

  • Arsovska, J. (2015). Decoding Albanian organized crime: Culture, politics, and globalization. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Athanassopoulou, E. (2005). Fighting organized crime in SEE. In E. Athanassopoulou (Ed.), Fighting organized crime in southeast Europe (pp. 1–6). Abingdon, England: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernhard, M., & Kaya, R. (2012). Civil society and regime type in European post-communist countries: The perspective two decades after 1989–1991. Taiwan Journal of Democracy,8(2), 113–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bezlov, T., & Tzenkov, E. (2007). Organized crime in Bulgaria: Markets and trends. Sofia, Bulgaria: Center for the Study of Democracy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blancke, S. (2014, April). Criminal connections: State links to organised crime in North Korea. Jane’s Intelligence Review, 26(4), 34–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boylan, S. (1996). Organized crime and corruption in Russia: Implications for U.S. and international law. Fordham International Law Journal, 19(5), 1999–2027.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broadhurst, R. (2013). The suppression of black societies in China. Trends in Organized Crime,16(1), 95–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broadhurst, R., & Lee, K.-W. (2009). The transformation of triad “dark societies” in Hong Kong: The impact of law enforcement, socio-economic and political change. Security Challenges,5(4), 1–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bui, T. (2014). Deconstructing the “socialist” rule of law in Vietnam: The changing discourse on human rights in Vietnam’s constitutional reform process. Contemporary Southeast Asia,36(1), 77–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, R. (2004, November 23). Albanian PM escapes arms probe. BBC News—Europe. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4031719.stm.

  • Chin, K., & Godson, R. (2006). Organized crime and the political-criminal nexus in China. Trends in Organized Crime,9(3), 5–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chu, Y.-K. (2000). Triads as business. London, England: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M. (2002). Murder and mystery. Far Eastern Economic Review,165(27), 56–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corkery, M., & Goldstein, M. (2017, March 22). North Korea said to be target of inquiry over $81 million cyberheist. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/22/business/dealbook/north-korea-said-to-be-target-of-inquiry-over-81-million-cyberheist.html.

  • CSD. (2004). Partners in crime: The risks of symbiosis between the security sector and organized crime in Southeast Europe. Sofia, Bulgaria: Center for the Study of Democracy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daragahi, B. (2019, January 27). “Colombia of Europe”: How tiny Albania became the continent’s drug trafficking headquarters. Independent. Retrieved from https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/albania-drug-cannabis-trafficking-hub-europe-adriatic-sea-a8747036.html.

  • Davy, D. (2018). Migrant smuggling in Asia and the Pacific: Current trends and challenges—Vol. 2. Bangkok, Thailand: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.

    Google Scholar 

  • DiMatteo, L. (2018). ‘Rule of law’ in China: The confrontation of formal law with cultural norms. Cornell International Law Journal,51(2), 391–444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dominguez, G. (2013, August 20). Bo Xilai’s trial—Last act of a major power play. DW (Deutsche Welle). Retrieved from https://www.dw.com/en/bo-xilais-trial-last-act-of-a-major-power-play/a-17031069.

  • Economist. (2019a). Piranhas from Tirana: The ‘Albanian mafia’ are not really a mafia. Economist, 430(9124), 40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Economist. (2019b). Behind the mask; social control. Economist, 430(9132), 33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Economist. (2019c). Do svidaniya secrecy; computer security. Economist, 430(9133), 73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Europol. (2011). OCTA 2011: EU organised crime threat assessment. The Hague, the Netherlands: European Police Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Europol. (2013, November). Early warning notification: Re-emergence of Vietnamese Organised Crime Groups (OCGs). Retrieved from https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-documents/re-emergence-of-vietnamese-organised-crime-groups-ocgs.

  • Europol. (2017a, September 28). Press release—Two main Russian mafia groups dismantled in Spain with Europol’s support. Retrieved from https://www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/two-main-russian-mafia-groups-dismantled-in-spain-europol%E2%80%99s-support.

  • Europol. (2017b). Serious and organised crime threat assessment: Crime in the age of technology. The Hague, the Netherlands: European Police Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Europol. (2018). Internet Organised Crime Threat Assessment (IOCTA) 2018. The Hague, The Netherlands: European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation.

    Google Scholar 

  • EWB. (2018, October 12). Rule of law in Serbia: Seven deadly sins of the judiciary system. European Western Balkans. Retrieved from https://europeanwesternbalkans.com/2018/10/12/rule-law-serbia-seven-deadly-sins-judiciary-system/.

  • Frieden, T. (2004, August 19). FBI: Albanian mobsters ‘new mafia’. CNN International. Retrieved from http://edition.cnn.com/2004/LAW/08/18/albanians.mob/index.html.

  • Galeotti, M. (2018). The Vory: Russia’s super mafia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gateva, E. (2013). Post-accession conditionality—Translating benchmarks into political pressure? East European Politics,29(4), 420–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glenny, M. (2011). DarkMarket: How hackers became the new mafia. London, England: Bodley Head.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gollom, M. (2017, December 8). Drugs, counterfeiting: How North Korea survives on proceeds of crime. CBC World News. Retrieved from https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/north-korea-criminal-empire-drugs-trafficking-1.4435265.

  • Gragido, W., Molina, D., Pirc, J., & Selby, N. (2013). Blackhatonomics: An inside look at the economics of cybercrime. Waltham, MA: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hastings, J. (2014). The economic geography of North Korean drug trafficking networks. Review of International Political Economy,22(1), 162–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, L. (2015). Cybercrime in Russia and CEE. In W. Schreiber & M. Kosienkowski (Eds.), Digital Eastern Europe (pp. 814–1179). Wroclaw, Poland: KEW. Kindle e-book locs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, L. (2016). Advanced introduction to organised crime. Cheltenham, England: Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, M. (2003). The weakness of civil society in post-communist Europe. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Il Fatto Quotidiano. (2017). United mafias of Europe. Il Fatto Quotidiano. Retrieved from https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/longform/mafia-and-organized-crime-in-europe/map/.

  • IRBC. (2014). Serbia: Organized crime; corruption in the police force and other government agencies; government response; state protection available to victims and witnesses of crime (2012–May 2014) [SRB104865.E]. Ottawa, Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1256733.html.

  • JHA. (2011, June 9). Bulgaria, Romania denied Schengen entry. Euractiv—Justice and Home Affairs. Retrieved from https://www.euractiv.com/section/justice-home-affairs/news/bulgaria-romania-denied-schengen-entry/.

  • Kan, P. R., Bechtol, B., & Collins, R. (2010). Criminal sovereignty: Understanding North Korea’s illicit international activities. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, R. (2016, March 16). North Korea as a ‘mafia state’. The Interpreter. Retrieved from https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/north-korea-mafia-state.

  • Lale-Demoz, A., & Lewis, G. (Eds.). (2013). Transnational organized crime in East Asia and the Pacific: A threat assessment. Bangkok, Thailand: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, R. (1998). Smuggling armageddon: The nuclear black market in the former Soviet Union and Europe. New York, NY: St. Martin’s.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lintner, B. (2002). Blood brothers: Crime, business and politics in Asia. Crows Nest, NSW, Australia: Allen and Unwin.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, C. (2014, September 20). Fortune 5: The biggest organized crime groups in the world. Fortune Magazine, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mavrikos-Adamou, T. (2014). Rule of law and the democratization process: The case of Albania. Democratization,21(6), 1153–1171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCormick, T. (2013, December). The Darknet. Foreign Policy, 203, 22–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michaletos, I. (2012, November 26 and 2016, March 6). Southeastern European organized crime and extremism review. Serbianna. Retrieved from http://serbianna.com/analysis/archives/1706.

  • Mladenovic, N. (2012). The failed divorce of Serbia’s Government and organized crime. Journal of International Affairs,66(1), 195–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morselli, C. (2009). Inside criminal networks. New York, NY: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Morselli, C. (Ed.). (2014). Crime and networks. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, D. (with Qin B-Q.) (1994). The origins of the Tiandihui: The Chinese triads in legend and history. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nanto, D. (2009). North Korean counterfeiting of U.S. currency. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • NCA. (2014). National strategic assessment of serious and organised crime 2014. London, England: National Crime Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ngoc, A. C., & Wyatt, T. (2013). A green criminological exploration of illegal wildlife trade in Vietnam. Asian Journal of Criminology,8(2), 129–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NIDA. (2019). Overdose death rates. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates.

  • Nikolić-Ristanović, V. (2004). Organised crime in Serbia—Media construction and social reaction. In G. Meško, M. Pagon, & B. Dobovšek (Eds.), Policing in central and eastern Europe: Dilemmas of contemporary criminal justice (pp. 685–694). Ljubljana, Slovenia: University of Maribor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nikolov, J. (1997). Crime and corruption after communism: Organized crime in Bulgaria. East European Constitutional Review,6(4), 80–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • OCCRP. (2018, November 19). UK: Human trafficking surge linked to Albanian gangs. Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project. Retrieved from https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/8933-uk-human-trafficking-surge-linked-to-albanian-gangs.

  • Ogawa, A. (Ed.). (2018). Routledge handbook of civil society in Asia. Abingdon, England: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohmae, K. (1990). The borderless world: Power and strategy in the interlinked economy. New York, NY: Harper Business.

    Google Scholar 

  • OMRI. (1996, January 23). Serbia to crack down on economic crime? Open Media Research Institute Daily Digest II, No. 16, Retrieved from http://www.hri.org/news/balkans/omri/1996/96-01-23.omri.html#5.

  • OSCE (Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe). (2011, July 15). OSCE fights against organized crime in Serbia. Retrieved from https://www.osce.org/serbia/80986.

  • Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia. (1995). Asian organised crime in Australia: A discussion paper by the Parliamentary Joint Committee on the National Crime Authority (Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth of Australia). Retrieved from https://fas.org/irp/world/australia/docs/ncaaoc1.html.

  • Pavlovska-Hilaiel, S. (2015). The EU’s losing battle against corruption in Bulgaria. Hague Journal on the Rule of Law,7(2), 199–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perl, R. (2004). State crime: The North Korean drug trade. Global Crime,6(1), 117–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, A. (2018, November 22). Organised crime in the UK is bigger than ever before. Can the police catch up? Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/nov/22/uk-organised-crime-can-police-catch-up-national-crime-agency-lynne-owens.

  • Petrova, V. (2007). Civil society in post-communist eastern Europe and Eurasia: A cross-national analysis of micro- and macro-factors. World Development,35(7), 1277–1305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plywaczewski, E. (2002). Chinese organized crime in Western and Eastern Europe. Paper delivered at the 3rd annual symposium ‘crime and its control in greater China’, June 21–22, 2002, University of Hong Kong, PRC. Retrieved from https://strategicanalysis.wordpress.com/2006/10/26/chinese-organized-crime-in-western-and-eastern-europe/.

  • Rademeyer, J. (2016). Beyond borders: Crime, conservation and criminal networks in the illicit rhino horn trade. Geneva, Switzerland: Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rujevic, N. (2018, July 31). Mafia murders shock Serbia, reveal web of corruption. DW (Deutsche Welle). Retrieved from https://www.dw.com/en/mafia-murders-shock-serbia-reveal-web-of-corruption/a-44902334.

  • Sala-i-Martin, X. (Ed.). (2004). The global competitiveness report 2003–2004. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schloenhardt, A. (2010). Palermo in the Pacific: Organised crime offences in the Asia Pacific region. Leiden, the Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Schoenmakers, Y., Bremmers, B., & Kleemans, E. (2013). Strategic versus emergent crime groups: The case of Vietnamese cannabis cultivation in the Netherlands. Global Crime,14(4), 321–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwab, K. (Ed.). (2010). The Global Competitiveness Report 2010–2011. Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwab, K. (Ed.). (2014). The Global Competitiveness Report 2014–2015. Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwab, K. (Ed.). (2017). The Global Competitiveness Report 2017–2018. Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwab, K., & Porter, M. (Eds.). (2006). The Global Competitiveness Report 2006–2007. Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Serio, J. (2008). Investigating the Russian mafia. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelley, L. (2014). Dirty entanglements: Corruption, crime and terrorism. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, D. (2012). Vory v Zakone: Russian organized crime. In D. Siegel & H. van de Bunt (Eds.), Traditional organized crime in the modern world (pp. 27–48). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel-Rozenblit, D. (2011). Asian organized crime in the European Union. Brussels, Belgium: European Parliament Directorate-General for Internal Policies. Retrieved from http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2011/453191/IPOL-LIBE_NT%282011%29453191_EN.pdf.

  • Silverstone, D., & Savage, S. (2010). Farmers, factories and funds: Organized crime and illicit drug cultivation within the British Vietnamese community. Global Crime,11(1), 16–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, K. (2013). Civil society in China: The legal framework from ancient times to the ‘new reform era’. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. (2007). The procuracy, Putin, and the rule of law in Russia. In F. Feldbrugge (Ed.), Russia, Europe, and the rule of law: Russia, Europe, and the rule of law (pp. 1–14). Leiden, the Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spires, A. (2018). China. In Ogawa 2018 (pp. 49–65).

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Szalontai, B., & Choi, C. (2014). Immunity to resistance? State–society relations and political stability in North Korea in a comparative perspective. North Korean Review,10(1), 55–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Talalayev, G. (1993, February 12). Boris Yeltsin addresses all-Russia conference on problems of the fight against organized crime and corruption: Full text of speech. ITAR-TASS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, D. (2005, January 6). From Russia with malice: Organised online crime has risen dramatically in the former Soviet Union—And it’s still growing. Computing. Retrieved from https://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/analysis/1830051/from-russia-malice.

  • Townsend, M. (2019, January 13). Kings of cocaine: How the Albanian mafia seized control of the UK drugs trade. Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/13/kings-of-cocaine-albanian-mafia-uk-drugs-crime.

  • US Attorneys. (2013, August 20). 49 Members and associates of an international ethnic-Albanian organized crime syndicate convicted of drug trafficking crimes. New York, NY: Department of Justice, U.S. Attorney’s Office, Eastern District of New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • US Department of State. (2018). Trafficking in persons report—June 2018. Washington, DC: Department of State.

    Google Scholar 

  • US Senate Sub-Committee. (1992). Asian organized crime: Hearing before the permanent subcommittee on investigations of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, one hundred second Congress, first session. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Volkov, V. (2014). The Russian mafia: Rise and extinction. In L. Paoli (Ed.). The Oxford handbook of organized crime (pp. 159–176). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, P. (2013). The rise of the Red Mafia in China: A case study of organised crime and corruption in Chongqing. Trends in Organized Crime,16(1), 49–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, P. (2017). The Chinese mafia: Organized crime, corruption, and extra-legal protection. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, P., & Blancke, S. (2014). Mafia state: The evolving threat of North Korean narcotics trafficking. RUSI Journal,159(5), 52–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, W. (Ed.). (1997). Russian organized crime: Global organized crime project. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wee, S.-L. (2018, December 3). Trump says China will curtail fentanyl. The U.S. has heard that before. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/03/business/fentanyl-china-trump.html.

  • Wikileaks. (2005, July 7). (U) Bulgarian organized crime (C-CN5-00054). Retrieved from https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/05SOFIA1207_a.html.

  • Wing Lo, T., & Kwok, S. I. (2012). Traditional organized crime in the modern world: How triad societies respond to socioeconomic change. In D. Siegel & H. van de Bunt (Eds.), Traditional organized crime in the modern world (pp. 67–89). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wischermann, J., & Phuong, D. T. V. (2018). Vietnam. In Ogawa 2018 (pp. 129–142).

    Google Scholar 

  • Worden, T. (2012, March 23). Serbian gangsters killed rival, ate him for lunch in a stew and disposed of body using a MEAT GRINDER. Daily Mail Australia. Retrieved from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2119103/Serbian-gangsters-killed-rival-ate-disposed-body-using-MEAT-GRINDER-dumping-remains-river.html.

  • World Justice Project. (2019). Rule of law index 2019. Washington, DC: World Justice Project.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Xinhua. (2018, December 31). 1,000 mafia-style gangs removed in China’s organized crime crackdown. Xinhuanet. Retrieved from http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-12/31/c_137710286.htm.

  • Yun, M., & Kim, E. (2010). Evolution of North Korean drug trafficking: State control to private participation. North Korean Review,6(2), 55–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, S. (2016). Xi Jinping’s Maoist revival. Journal of Democracy,27(3), 83–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhilla, F., & Lamallari, B. (2015). Albanian criminal groups. Trends in Organized Crime,18(4), 329–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhilla, F., & Lamallari, B. (Eds.). (2016). Evolution of Albanian organized crime. Tirana, Albania: Open Society Foundation for Albania. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/35335836/Evolution_of_Albanian_Organized_Crime.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Leslie Holmes

Authors
  1. Leslie Holmes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Leslie Holmes .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Accounting, Finance and Economics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia

    Alexandr Akimov

  2. Department of Economics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia

    Gennadi Kazakevitch

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Holmes, L. (2020). Organised Crime in—and from—Communist and Post-communist States. In: Akimov, A., Kazakevitch, G. (eds) 30 Years since the Fall of the Berlin Wall. Palgrave Studies in Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0317-7_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0317-7_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-15-0316-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-15-0317-7

  • eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation