Transformations in Tertiary Education pp 101-117 | Cite as
Reflective Writing as a Learning Tool: Assisting Undergraduate Business Students from Diverse Backgrounds to Participate in a Globalised Marketplace
- 200 Downloads
Abstract
This chapter explores the outcomes of the introduction of critical reflective writing assessments into an undergraduate business course at RMIT University in Australia. These assessments successfully increased the business students’ understanding of Asian business culture and their awareness of how cultural values and beliefs are embedded in Asian business practice. However, few courses in the business programme at the university use reflective tasks as an aid to learning. To promote the use of reflective writing assessments, resources need to be developed for students and staff that make clear the requirements, structure and content, as well as the goal of including reflective writing in the courses. We developed a variety of learning resources, as well as guidelines and rubrics. In addition, we conducted writing workshops and provided frequent feedback on the tasks. The pedagogy was reviewed from the perspective of the students enrolled in the course for Semester 1 of 2017. On analysing the data collected from focus groups, semi-structured interviews and a course experience survey, we found that the aspects of the pedagogy considered most effective were the Description, Interpretation, Evaluation and Planning (DIEP) writing strategy and the frequent provision of feedback. The students reported that the tasks and the regular feedback motivated them in their study, increasing their intercultural competence. We plan in the future to introduce more tailored resources, including annotated writing models and explicit assignment guidelines for the benefit of new and casual staff, as well as students. Quick and timely feedback will continue to be critical.
References
- Ashwin, P. (2015). Reflective teaching in higher education. London, England: Bloomsbury,Google Scholar
- Bereiter, C., & Scardamalia, M. (1984). Learning about writing from reading. Written Communication, 1(2), 163–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Baird, M., & Clare, J. (2017). Removing the opportunity for contract cheating in business capstones: A crime prevention case study. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 13(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-017-0018-1.
- Biggs, J. (1999). What the student does: Teaching for enhanced learning. Higher Education Research and Development, 18(1), 57–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Blackmore, J., Gribble, C., Farrell, L., Rahimi, M., Arber, R., & Devlin, M. (2015). Australian international graduates and the transition to employment. Melbourne, Australia: Deakin University.Google Scholar
- Bretag, T. (2013). Challenges in addressing plagiarism in education. PLoS Medicine, 10(12), e1001574. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Burns, S. A. (2010). Artistry in training. Sydney, Australia: Navybridge Pty Ltd.Google Scholar
- Byrne, M. (2013). Business success in the Asian century: A practical guide for working in Asia. Sydney, Australia: UGM.Google Scholar
- Cisero, C. (2006). Does reflective journal writing improve course performance? College Teaching, 54, 231–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Clarke, M. (2004). Reflection: Journals and reflective questions: A strategy for professional learning. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 29(2), 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cohen, R., Sampson, J., & Boud, D. (2001). Peer learning in higher education: Learning from & with each other. London: Kogan Page.Google Scholar
- Creme, P. (2005). Should student learning journals be assessed? Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 30, 287–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Deardoff, D. K. (2006). The identification and assessment of intercultural competence as a student outcome of internationalization at institutions of higher education in the United States. Journal of Studies in International Education, 10, 241–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Dewey, J. (1910). How we think. Boston, MA: D. C. Heath & Co. Publishers.Google Scholar
- Duffy, L. (2000). An incredible learning journey. The Canadian Nurse, 96(7), 1–5.Google Scholar
- Duckworth, A. (2017). Grit: Why passion and resilience are the secrets to success. London, England: Vermillion.Google Scholar
- Ertmer, P. A., & Newby, T. J. (1996). The expert learner: Strategic, self-regulated, and reflective. Instructional Science, 24(1), 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fry, H., Ketteridge, S., & Marshall, S. (2009). A handbook for learning and teaching in higher education: Enhancing academic practice. London, England: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Goleman, D. (2006). Emotional intelligence. New York, NY: Bantam Dell.Google Scholar
- Goswami, R. (2003). Asia: Globalisation erodes local languages, fuels ‘glocal’ English. Retrieved from http://www.ipsnews.net/2003/07/asia-globalisation-erodes-local-languages-fuels-glocal-english/.
- Hampden-Turner, C., & Trompenaars, A. (2000). Building cross-cultural competence: How to create wealth from conflicting values. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
- Ichii, R., & O’Dwyer, C. (2014). The potential use of reflective writing for student evaluation in MOOCs. In C. L. Gómez, M. A. López, & T. I. Candel (Eds.), 2014 International Academy of Technology, Education and Development (IATED) (pp. 768–776). Valencia, Spain: International Academy of Technology, Education and Development.Google Scholar
- Ingram, D. E., Kono, M., O’Neill, S., & Sasaki, M. (2008). Fostering positive cross-cultural attitudes through language teaching. Teneriffe, Australia: Post Pressed.Google Scholar
- Innovation and Business Skills Australia [IBSA]. (2011). Australian cultural imprints at work: 2010 and Beyond. Victoria, Australia: Innovation and Business Skills Australia.Google Scholar
- Khanna, P. (2018). The future is Asian: Commerce, conflict and culture in the 21st century. New York, NY: Simon & Schusters.Google Scholar
- King, T. (2002). Development of student skills in reflective writing. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251656887_Development_of_Student_Skills_in_Reflective_Writing.
- Kolb, D. (2014). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. New Jersey, NJ: Pearson Education Inc.Google Scholar
- Larsen, N. B. (2009). Institutional nationalism and orientalized others in parental education. In K. Suvi, T. Salla, I. Sara, & M. Diana (Eds.), Complying with colonialism: Gender, race and ethnicity in the Nordic region (pp. 237–252). Farnham, United Kingdom: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Levin, T., & Wagner, T. (2006). In their own words: Understanding student conceptions of writing through their spontaneous metaphors in the science classroom. Instructional Science, 3, 227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Mackeracher, D. (2004). Making sense of adult learning. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
- Marginson, S. (2012). Asian century white paper sets tricky targets for universities. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/asian-century-white-paper-sets-tricky-targets-for-universities-10365.
- Moon, J. A. (1999). Reflection in learning and professional development: Theory & practice. London, England: Kogan Page.Google Scholar
- Moon, J. A. (2004). A handbook of reflective and experiential learning. Falmer, Oxon: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Morrison, K. (1996). Developing reflective practice in higher degree students through a learning journal. Studies in Higher Education, 21, 317–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- O'Rourke, R. (1998). The learning journal: From chaos to coherence. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 23(4), 403–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Paton, M. J. (2007). Why international students are at greater risk of failure: An inconvenient truth. The International Journal of Diversity in Organisations, Communities and Nations, 6(6), 99–113.Google Scholar
- Prewitt, B. W., & Butler, K. A. (1996). Learning styles and performance assessment: A model teaching guide. Victoria, Australia: Hawker Brownlow Education.Google Scholar
- Prosser, M., & Webb, C. (1994). Relating the process of undergraduate essay writing to the finished product. Studies in Higher Education, 19, 125–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Purcell, D. (2013). Sociology, teaching, and reflective practice: Using writing to improve. American Sociological Association, 41, 5–19.Google Scholar
- Randjelovic, J., O’Rourke, A., & Orsato, R. J. (2003). Business strategy and the environment. Business Strategy and the Environment, 12(4), 240–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Reid, G. (2005). Learning styles and inclusion. London, England: Paul Chapman.Google Scholar
- Rieckmann, M. (2012). Future-oriented higher education: Which key competencies should be fostered through university teaching and learning? Futures, 44(2), 127–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rizvi, F. (2012). Engaging the Asian century. Critical Perspectives on Communication, Cultural & Policy Studies, 31(1), 73–79.Google Scholar
- Rizvi, F. (2017). Asian diaspora advantage in the changing Australian economy. Journal & Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 150(1), 110–117.Google Scholar
- Rizvi, F., Kam, L., Julia, E. (2016). Australia’s diaspora advantage: Realising the potential for building transnational business networks with Asia. Retrieved from https://acola.org.au/wp/PDF/SAF11/SAF11%20extract.pdf.
- Rodgers, C. (2002). Defining reflection: Another look at John Dewey and reflective thinking. Teachers College Record, 104, 842–886.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ryan, J. (2011). Teaching and learning for international students: Towards a transcultural approach. Teachers and Teaching, 17(6), 631–648.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ryan, M., & Ryan, M. (2013). Theorising a model for teaching and assessing reflective learning in higher education. Higher Education Research and Development, 32, 244–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Scott, C. L. (2015). The futures of learning 3: What kind of pedagogies for the 21st century?. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002431/243126e.pdf.
- Sharpe, R., Beetham, H., & De Freitas, S. (2010). Rethinking learning for a digital age. Abingdon, England: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Schön, D. (1983). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. New York, NY: Ashgate Publishing.Google Scholar
- Schön, D. (1991). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action (Vol. 3). New York, NY: Ashgate Publishing.Google Scholar
- Starr, K. E. (2015). Education game changers. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
- Stewart, V. (2005). A world transformed: How other countries are preparing students for the interconnected world of the 21st century. Phi Delta Kappan, 87(3), 229–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- The Institute for the Future. (2011). Future Work Skills 2020. Palo Alto, CA: University of Phoenix Research Institute.Google Scholar
- Trompenaars, F., & Voerman, E. (2009). Servant leadership across cultures: Harnessing the strength of the world’s most powerful leadership philosophy. Oxford, United Kingdom: Infinite Ideas.Google Scholar
- Tuleja, E. A. (2014). Developing cultural intelligence for global leadership through mindfulness. Journal of Teaching in International Business, 25, 5–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Universities Australia. (2019). Data Snapshot 2019 (p. 11). Retrieved from https://www.universitiesaustralia.edu.au/ArticleDocuments/169/Data%20snapshot%202019%20FINAL.pdf.aspx.
- Vacca, R. T., & Linek, W. M. (1992). Writing to Learn. In J. W. Irwin & M. A. Doyle (Eds.), Reading/writing connections: Learning from research (pp. 143–157). Newark, NY: International Reading Association.Google Scholar
- Witte, A. E. (2010). The global awareness curriculum in international business programs: A critical perspective. Journal of Teaching in International Business, 21(2), 101–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Williamson, P. (2004). Winning in Asia: Strategies for competing in the new millennium. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar