Skip to main content

Reflective Writing as a Learning Tool: Assisting Undergraduate Business Students from Diverse Backgrounds to Participate in a Globalised Marketplace

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Transformations in Tertiary Education

Abstract

This chapter explores the outcomes of the introduction of critical reflective writing assessments into an undergraduate business course at RMIT University in Australia. These assessments successfully increased the business students’ understanding of Asian business culture and their awareness of how cultural values and beliefs are embedded in Asian business practice. However, few courses in the business programme at the university use reflective tasks as an aid to learning. To promote the use of reflective writing assessments, resources need to be developed for students and staff that make clear the requirements, structure and content, as well as the goal of including reflective writing in the courses. We developed a variety of learning resources, as well as guidelines and rubrics. In addition, we conducted writing workshops and provided frequent feedback on the tasks. The pedagogy was reviewed from the perspective of the students enrolled in the course for Semester 1 of 2017. On analysing the data collected from focus groups, semi-structured interviews and a course experience survey, we found that the aspects of the pedagogy considered most effective were the Description, Interpretation, Evaluation and Planning (DIEP) writing strategy and the frequent provision of feedback. The students reported that the tasks and the regular feedback motivated them in their study, increasing their intercultural competence. We plan in the future to introduce more tailored resources, including annotated writing models and explicit assignment guidelines for the benefit of new and casual staff, as well as students. Quick and timely feedback will continue to be critical.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ashwin, P. (2015). Reflective teaching in higher education. London, England: Bloomsbury,

    Google Scholar 

  • Bereiter, C., & Scardamalia, M. (1984). Learning about writing from reading. Written Communication, 1(2), 163–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baird, M., & Clare, J. (2017). Removing the opportunity for contract cheating in business capstones: A crime prevention case study. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 13(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-017-0018-1.

  • Biggs, J. (1999). What the student does: Teaching for enhanced learning. Higher Education Research and Development, 18(1), 57–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blackmore, J., Gribble, C., Farrell, L., Rahimi, M., Arber, R., & Devlin, M. (2015). Australian international graduates and the transition to employment. Melbourne, Australia: Deakin University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bretag, T. (2013). Challenges in addressing plagiarism in education. PLoS Medicine, 10(12), e1001574. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001574.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, S. A. (2010). Artistry in training. Sydney, Australia: Navybridge Pty Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, M. (2013). Business success in the Asian century: A practical guide for working in Asia. Sydney, Australia: UGM.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cisero, C. (2006). Does reflective journal writing improve course performance? College Teaching, 54, 231–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, M. (2004). Reflection: Journals and reflective questions: A strategy for professional learning. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 29(2), 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, R., Sampson, J., & Boud, D. (2001). Peer learning in higher education: Learning from & with each other. London: Kogan Page.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creme, P. (2005). Should student learning journals be assessed? Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 30, 287–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deardoff, D. K. (2006). The identification and assessment of intercultural competence as a student outcome of internationalization at institutions of higher education in the United States. Journal of Studies in International Education, 10, 241–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, J. (1910). How we think. Boston, MA: D. C. Heath & Co. Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, L. (2000). An incredible learning journey. The Canadian Nurse, 96(7), 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duckworth, A. (2017). Grit: Why passion and resilience are the secrets to success. London, England: Vermillion.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ertmer, P. A., & Newby, T. J. (1996). The expert learner: Strategic, self-regulated, and reflective. Instructional Science, 24(1), 1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fry, H., Ketteridge, S., & Marshall, S. (2009). A handbook for learning and teaching in higher education: Enhancing academic practice. London, England: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goleman, D. (2006). Emotional intelligence. New York, NY: Bantam Dell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goswami, R. (2003). Asia: Globalisation erodes local languages, fuels ‘glocal’ English. Retrieved from http://www.ipsnews.net/2003/07/asia-globalisation-erodes-local-languages-fuels-glocal-english/.

  • Hampden-Turner, C., & Trompenaars, A. (2000). Building cross-cultural competence: How to create wealth from conflicting values. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ichii, R., & O’Dwyer, C. (2014). The potential use of reflective writing for student evaluation in MOOCs. In C. L. Gómez, M. A. López, & T. I. Candel (Eds.), 2014 International Academy of Technology, Education and Development (IATED) (pp. 768–776). Valencia, Spain: International Academy of Technology, Education and Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, D. E., Kono, M., O’Neill, S., & Sasaki, M. (2008). Fostering positive cross-cultural attitudes through language teaching. Teneriffe, Australia: Post Pressed.

    Google Scholar 

  • Innovation and Business Skills Australia [IBSA]. (2011). Australian cultural imprints at work: 2010 and Beyond. Victoria, Australia: Innovation and Business Skills Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khanna, P. (2018). The future is Asian: Commerce, conflict and culture in the 21st century. New York, NY: Simon & Schusters.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, T. (2002). Development of student skills in reflective writing. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251656887_Development_of_Student_Skills_in_Reflective_Writing.

  • Kolb, D. (2014). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. New Jersey, NJ: Pearson Education Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, N. B. (2009). Institutional nationalism and orientalized others in parental education. In K. Suvi, T. Salla, I. Sara, & M. Diana (Eds.), Complying with colonialism: Gender, race and ethnicity in the Nordic region (pp. 237–252). Farnham, United Kingdom: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, T., & Wagner, T. (2006). In their own words: Understanding student conceptions of writing through their spontaneous metaphors in the science classroom. Instructional Science, 3, 227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mackeracher, D. (2004). Making sense of adult learning. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marginson, S. (2012). Asian century white paper sets tricky targets for universities. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/asian-century-white-paper-sets-tricky-targets-for-universities-10365.

  • Moon, J. A. (1999). Reflection in learning and professional development: Theory & practice. London, England: Kogan Page.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moon, J. A. (2004). A handbook of reflective and experiential learning. Falmer, Oxon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, K. (1996). Developing reflective practice in higher degree students through a learning journal. Studies in Higher Education, 21, 317–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O'Rourke, R. (1998). The learning journal: From chaos to coherence. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 23(4), 403–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paton, M. J. (2007). Why international students are at greater risk of failure: An inconvenient truth. The International Journal of Diversity in Organisations, Communities and Nations, 6(6), 99–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prewitt, B. W., & Butler, K. A. (1996). Learning styles and performance assessment: A model teaching guide. Victoria, Australia: Hawker Brownlow Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prosser, M., & Webb, C. (1994). Relating the process of undergraduate essay writing to the finished product. Studies in Higher Education, 19, 125–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Purcell, D. (2013). Sociology, teaching, and reflective practice: Using writing to improve. American Sociological Association, 41, 5–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randjelovic, J., O’Rourke, A., & Orsato, R. J. (2003). Business strategy and the environment. Business Strategy and the Environment, 12(4), 240–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, G. (2005). Learning styles and inclusion. London, England: Paul Chapman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rieckmann, M. (2012). Future-oriented higher education: Which key competencies should be fostered through university teaching and learning? Futures, 44(2), 127–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rizvi, F. (2012). Engaging the Asian century. Critical Perspectives on Communication, Cultural & Policy Studies, 31(1), 73–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rizvi, F. (2017). Asian diaspora advantage in the changing Australian economy. Journal & Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 150(1), 110–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rizvi, F., Kam, L., Julia, E. (2016). Australia’s diaspora advantage: Realising the potential for building transnational business networks with Asia. Retrieved from https://acola.org.au/wp/PDF/SAF11/SAF11%20extract.pdf.

  • Rodgers, C. (2002). Defining reflection: Another look at John Dewey and reflective thinking. Teachers College Record, 104, 842–886.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, J. (2011). Teaching and learning for international students: Towards a transcultural approach. Teachers and Teaching, 17(6), 631–648.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, M., & Ryan, M. (2013). Theorising a model for teaching and assessing reflective learning in higher education. Higher Education Research and Development, 32, 244–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, C. L. (2015). The futures of learning 3: What kind of pedagogies for the 21st century?. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002431/243126e.pdf.

  • Sharpe, R., Beetham, H., & De Freitas, S. (2010). Rethinking learning for a digital age. Abingdon, England: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Schön, D. (1983). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. New York, NY: Ashgate Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schön, D. (1991). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action (Vol. 3). New York, NY: Ashgate Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Starr, K. E. (2015). Education game changers. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, V. (2005). A world transformed: How other countries are preparing students for the interconnected world of the 21st century. Phi Delta Kappan, 87(3), 229–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The Institute for the Future. (2011). Future Work Skills 2020. Palo Alto, CA: University of Phoenix Research Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trompenaars, F., & Voerman, E. (2009). Servant leadership across cultures: Harnessing the strength of the world’s most powerful leadership philosophy. Oxford, United Kingdom: Infinite Ideas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuleja, E. A. (2014). Developing cultural intelligence for global leadership through mindfulness. Journal of Teaching in International Business, 25, 5–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Universities Australia. (2019). Data Snapshot 2019 (p. 11). Retrieved from https://www.universitiesaustralia.edu.au/ArticleDocuments/169/Data%20snapshot%202019%20FINAL.pdf.aspx.

  • Vacca, R. T., & Linek, W. M. (1992). Writing to Learn. In J. W. Irwin & M. A. Doyle (Eds.), Reading/writing connections: Learning from research (pp. 143–157). Newark, NY: International Reading Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witte, A. E. (2010). The global awareness curriculum in international business programs: A critical perspective. Journal of Teaching in International Business, 21(2), 101–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, P. (2004). Winning in Asia: Strategies for competing in the new millennium. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Reina Ichii .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Appendix

Appendix

DIEP structure used in the course

Sections

Explanation

Stages applicable to map of learning (Moon, 1999)

Description

Describe an insight or one thing learned (an insight must not be factual information, but how students made sense of one particular thing that was learned)

Making sense

Interpretation

Interpretation of the insight—what the insight may mean to students and/or the topic focussed

Making meaning

Evaluation

Evaluate the insight by relating it to other theories or topics learned in the class to deepen appreciation of the topic focussed

Working with meaning

Plan

Identify ways in which students can apply their new learning for their academic, professional and personal development

Transformative learning

  1. Source RMIT University Study and Learning Centre (2015)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Ichii, R., Ono, A., Ebenhaezer, J. (2019). Reflective Writing as a Learning Tool: Assisting Undergraduate Business Students from Diverse Backgrounds to Participate in a Globalised Marketplace. In: Tynan, B., McLaughlin, T., Chester, A., Hall-van den Elsen, C., Kennedy, B. (eds) Transformations in Tertiary Education. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9957-2_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9957-2_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-13-9956-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-13-9957-2

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics