Skip to main content

Peacebuilding Suicide

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

This final chapter reiterates the case for suicide research in the interdisciplinary field of PACS and offers an original meta-theory of peace praxis termed Encounter Theory. The chapter then suggests a theoretical and empirical way to incorporate suicidal violence into our work via the Encounter Theory of relationship. While there are seven forms of suicide identified in this work (see Chapters 4 and 5) overwhelmingly, by an immense margin, the majority of global suicides can be characterized as medical and categorized as forms of mental illness. This book recognizes three domains of suicide prevention which can inhibit, decrease or eradicate the violence of self-killing including: (1) societal approaches: awareness raising, gatekeeper training and means restriction; (2) psycho-medical approaches: medication and therapy; and (3) the interpersonal approach of relationship. This chapter explores the four facets of relationship (connection, reciprocity, interconnection and friendship) and posits a potential method to peacebuild suicide related to mental illness. 1 This work concludes with an echo of the Seville Statement of 1986 entreating people from all life paths and disciplines to bring violence to light wherever it is found.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adams, David. 1989. “The Seville Statement on Violence: A Progress Report.” Journal of Peace Research 26 (2): 113–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aldridge, David, Barrero Pérez, and Andrés Sergio. 2011. A Comprehensive Guide to Suicidal Behaviours: Working with Individuals at Risk of Suicide and Their Families. London: Jessica Kingsley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexopoulos, Evangelos C., Katerina Kavalidou, and Fani Messolora. 2019. “Suicide Mortality Patterns in Greek Work Force Before and During the Economic Crisis.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16: 469. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amitai, Maya, and Alan Apter. 2012. “Social Aspects of Suicidal Behavior and Prevention in Early Life: A Review.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9 (3): 985–994.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arafat, S. M. Yasir. 2018. “Females are Dying More Than Males by Suicide in Bangladesh.” Asian Journal of Psychiatry, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2018.10.014. Accessed March 20 from https://ac-els-cdn-com.ezproxy.otago.ac.nz/S1876201818307834/1-s2.0-S1876201818307834-main.pdf?_tid=0adc89b8-f8f2-43db-9b3c-f0eab4766c32&acdnat=1553039169_44b93b499362912ae8b5c818b9a5a293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Austin, Wendy J. 2012. “Relational Ethics.” In The Sage Encyclopaedia of Qualitative Research Methods, edited by Lisa M. Given, 749–753. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baudelot, Christian, and Roger Establet. 2008. Suicide, the Hidden Side of Modernity. Malden, MA: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berscheid, Ellen, and Peplau Letitia A. 1983. “The Emerging Science of Relationships.” In Close Relationships, edited by Harold H. Kelley, Ellen Berscheid, Andrew Christensen, John H. Harvey, Ted L. Huston, George Levinger, Evie McClintock, Letitia A. Peplau, and Donald R. Peterson, 1–19. New York: W.H. Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boulding, Elise. 2000. Cultures of Peace: The Hidden Side of History. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, John. 1990. The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breivik, Gunnar. 2007. “Can BASE Jumping Be Morally Defended.” In Philosophy, Risk and Adventure Sports, edited by Mike McNamee, 168–185. New York: Taylor and Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cerel, Julie, Margaret M. Brown, Myfanwy Maple, Michael Singleton, Judy Venne, Melinda Moore, and Chris Flaherty. 2018. “How Many People Are Exposed to Suicide? Not Six.” Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, Qingsong, Paul S. F. Yip, Ying-Yeh Chen. 2019. “Gender Inequality and Suicide Gender Ratios in the World,” Journal of Affective Disorders, 243: 297–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colpe, Lisa, and Beverly Pringle. 2014. Data for Building a National Suicide Prevention Strategy: What We Have and What We Need. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 47 (3): 130–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Leo, Diego, and Karolina Krysinska. 2017. “Suicide and Self-Directed Violence.” In International Encyclopedia of Public Health, 2nd ed., edited by Stella Quah and William Cockerham, 115–123. Amsterdam: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denworth, Lydia. 2017. The Three Basics of Friendship. Retrieved February 27, 2019 from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/brain-waves/201703/the-three-basics-friendship.

  • Devere, Heather. 2011. “The Resurrection of Political Friendship.” In Varieties of Friendship, Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Social Relationships, edited by Bernadette Descharms, Eric Anton Heuser, Caroline Krüger, and Thomas Loy, 17–42. Göttingen: V&R Unipress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devere, Heather. 2014. “The Many Meanings of Friendship.” AMITY: The Journal of Friendship Studies 2 (1): 1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devere, Heather. 2018. Exploring Relationships for Positive Peace. Factis Pax 12 (1): 59–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devere, Heather, and Graham M. Smith. 2010. Friendship and Politics. Political Studies Review 8 (3): 341–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Effinger, Jenell, and David Stewart. 2012. “Classification of Co-occurring Depression and Substance Abuse Symptoms Predicts Suicide Attempts in Adolescents.” Suicide and Life Threatening Behaviour 42 (4): 353–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feuerstein, Georg. 2001. The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy and Practice. Prescott: Hohm Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freire, Paulo. 2003. The Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, Daniel, and Nirvikar Singh. 2003. “Negative Reciprocity: The Coevolution of Memes and Genes.” Evolution and Human Behavior 25: 155–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fudenberg, Drew, and Jean Tirole. 1991. Game Theory. Cambridge: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galtung, Johan. 1996. Peace by Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict, Development and Civilization. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, Anju, and N. K. Girdhar. 2012. “Risk Factors of Suicide in Prisoners.” Delhi Psychiatry Journal 15 (1): 45–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gvion, Yari, and Alan Apter. 2012. “Suicide and Suicidal Behavior.” Public Health Reviews 34 (2): 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haidt, Johnathan. 2006. The Happiness Hypothesis. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanna, Morid M., Etemad A. A. El-Shereef, and Azza H. Griew. 2011. “Study of Pattern and Outcome of Suicidal Methods Used in Benghazi City–Libya.” Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences 1 (3): 124–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hari, Johann. 2018. Lost Connections: Uncovering the Real Causes of Depression—And the Unexpected Solutions. New York: Bloomsbury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hjern, Anders, and Peter Allebeck. 2002. “Suicide in First-and Second-Generation Immigrants in Sweden A Comparative Study.” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 37 (9): 423–429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-002-0564-5-12242618.

  • Huey, Meredith, and Thomas McNulty. 2005. “Institutional Conditions and Prison Suicide: Conditional Effects of Deprivation and Overcrowding.” The Prison Journal 85 (4): 490–514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ilgen, Mark, and Felicia Kleinberg. 2011. “The Link Between Substance Abuse, Violence and Suicide: Implications and Interventions.” Psychiatric Times 28 (1): 25–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeong, Ho-Won. 2011. Understanding Conflict and Conflict Analysis. New York: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jessica Kelliher, Rabon, Jameson K. Hirsch, and Edward C. Chang. 2018. “Positive Psychology and Suicide Prevention: An Introduction and Overview of the Literature.” In A Positive Psychological Approach to Suicide: Advances in Mental Health and Addiction, edited by J. Hirsch, E. Chang, and J. Kelliher Rabon, 1–15. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joiner, Thomas. 2005. Why People Die by Suicide. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joiner, Thomas. 2010. Myths About Suicide. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knoll IV, James. 2016. “Understanding Homicide-Suicide.” Psychiatric Clinics of North America 39 (4): 633–647.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larson, Deborah. 1998. “Exchange and Reciprocity in International Negotiations.” International Negotiation 3: 121–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lederach, John Paul. 1997. Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lederach, John Paul. 2003. The Little Book of Conflict Transformation: Clear Articulation of the Guiding Principles by a Pioneer in the Field. Intercourse, PA: Good Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lederach, John Paul. 2005. The Moral Imagination: The Art and Soul of Building Peace. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Leenaars, Antoon A. 2006. “Suicide Among Indigenous Peoples: Introduction and Call to Action.” Archives of Suicide Research 10 (2): 103–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lester, David, and Karolina Krysinska. 2012. “Suicide.” In Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, 2nd ed., edited by, S. Ramachandran Vilayanur, 558–563. London: Academic Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Liem, Marieke, and Frans Koenraadt. 2008. “Filicide: A Comparative Study of Maternal Versus Paternal Child Homicide.” Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 18: 166–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig, Birgit, and Yogesh Dwivedi. 2018. “The Concept of Violent Suicide, Its Underlying Trait and Neurobiology: A Critical Perspective.” European Neuropsychopharmacology, 28: 243–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manning, Jason. 2015. “The Social Structure of Homicide-Suicide.” Homicide Studies 19 (4): 350–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manthorpe, Jill, and Steve Iliffe. 2011. “Social Work with Older People—Reducing Suicide Risk: A Critical Review of Practice and Prevention.” British Journal of Social Work, 41 (1): 131–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, Warren B., and Joseph L. Rodgers. 2001. The Ontogeny of Human Bonding Systems: Evolutionary Origins, Neural Bases, and Psychological Manifestations. New York: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Milner, Allison, Heidi Hjelmeland, Ella Arensman, and Diego De Leo. 2013. “Social-Environmental Factors and Suicide Mortality: A Narrative Review of Over 200 Articles.” Sociology Mind 3 (2): 137–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molm, Linda. 2010. “The Structure of Reciprocity.” Social Psychology Quarterly 73 (2): 119–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molm, Linda, David Shaefer, and Jessica Collett. 2007. “The Value of Reciprocity.” Social Psychology Quarterly 70 (2): 199–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moynihan, Mary, Victoria L. Banyard, Julie S. Arnold, Robert P. Eckstein, and Jane G. Stapleton, 2011. “Sisterhood May Be Powerful for Reducing Sexual and Intimate Partner Violence: An Evaluation of the Bringing in the Bystander In-Person Program with Sorority Members.” Violence Against Women 17 (6): 703–719.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perlman, Daniel. 2017. “Conclusion: Friendship: An Echo, a Hurrah and Other Reflections, 283–300.” In The Psychology of Friendship, edited by Mahzad Hojjat and Anne Moyer, 283–300. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pierre, Joseph. 2015. “Culturally Sanctioned Suicide: Euthanasia, Seppuku, and Terrorist Martyrdom.” World Journal of Psychiatry 5 (1): 4–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plewis, Ian. 2017. “Analyzing Indian Farmer Suicide Rates.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115 (2): E117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Potter, Sharyn, and Mary Moynihan. 2011. “Bringing in the Bystander In-Person Prevention Program to a U.S. Military Installation: Results from a Pilot Study.”Military Medicine 176 (8): 870–875.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rae, Jonathan A. 2012. “Will It Ever Be Possible to Profile the Terrorist?” Journal of Terrorism Research 3 (2): 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajalin, Mia, Tatja Hirvikoski, Ellinor Salander Renburg, Marie Asberg, and Jussi Jokinen. 2017. “Family History of Suicide and Interpersonal Functioning in Suicide Attempters.” Psychiatry Research 247: 310–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reardon, Betty A. 1988. Comprehensive Peace Education: Educating for Global Responsibility. New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reardon, Betty A. 1995. Educating for Human Dignity: Learning About Rights and Responsibilities. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rice, Timothy, and Leo Sher. 2016. “Preventing Plane-Assisted Suicides Through the Lessons of Research on Homicide and Suicide-Homicide.” Acta Neuropsychiatrica 28 (4): 195–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riedel, Marc. 2010. “Homicide-Suicides in the United States: A Review of the Literature.” Sociology Compass 4 (7): 430–441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roma, Paolo, Floriana Pazzelli, Maurizio Pompili, David Lester, Paolo Girardi, and Stefano Ferracuti. 2012. “Mental Illness in Homicide-Suicide: A Review.” Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 40 (4): 462–468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossi, Alice S., and Peter, H. Rossi. 1990. Of Human Bonding: Parent-Child Relations Across the Life Course. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saint-Laurent, Danielle. 2003. “Suicide and Gender.” In Macmillan Encyclopedia of Death and Dying, edited by Robert Kastenbaum, 792–795. New York: Macmillan Reference.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, Harold. 1999. A Public Peace Process: Sustained Dialogue to Transform Racial and Ethnic Conflicts. New York: Palgrave.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Scherr, Sebastian, and Anna Steinleitner. 2017. “Between Werther and Papageno Effects: A Propositional Meta-Analysis of Ambiguous Findings for Helpful and Harmful Media Effects on Suicide Contagion.” In Media and Suicide: International Perspectives on Research, Theory, and Policy, edited by Thomas Niederkrotenthaler and Steven Stack, 1–14. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scourfield, Jonathan, Ben Fincham, Susanne Langer, and Michael Shiner. 2012. “Sociological Autopsy: An Integrated Approach to the Study of Suicide in Men.” Social Science & Medicine 74 (4): 466–473.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shiner, Michael, Jonathan Scourfield, Ben Fincham, and Susanne Langer. 2009. “When Things Fall Apart: Gender and Suicide Across the Life-Course.” Social Science & Medicine 69 (5): 738–746.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, Vijeta, and Rakesh K. Behmani. 2018. “Parenting Style and Adolescent Suicide Ideation: A Review.” International Journal of Academic Research and Development 3 (2): 1245–1252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spallek, Jacob, Anna Reeske, Marie Norredam, Signe Smith Nielsen, Jessica Lehnhardt, and Oliver Razum. 2014. “Suicide Among Immigrants in Europe—A Systematic Literature Review.” European Journal of Public Health 25 (1): 63–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Standish, Katerina, and Janine Joyce. 2018. Yogic Peace Education. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vijayakumar, Lakshmi. 2015. Suicide in Women. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 57: 233–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagshul, Yitzchok. 2018. “Effect of External Locus-of-Hope on Acquired Capability for Suicide.” Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies. Accessed March 16 from https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5145/.

  • Williams, Mark, and Danny Penman. 2011. Mindfulness: A Practical Guide to Finding Peace in the Frantic World. London: Piatkus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wray, Matt, Cynthia Colen, and Bernice Pescosolido. 2011. The Sociology of Suicide. Annual Review of Sociology 37 (1): 505–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Katerina Standish .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Standish, K. (2020). Peacebuilding Suicide. In: Suicide through a Peacebuilding Lens . Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9737-0_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics