Abstract
In the 1930s and 1940s, European Jewish refugees travelled by sea and then by land to seek asylum in Shanghai which became the Noah’s Ark for them. Meanwhile, some refugees were stranded in other cities in China on their way to Shanghai and had to settle there. Some refugees who had arrived in Shanghai moved to other Chinese cities later for various reasons. There were still some European Jewish refugees who went directly to other cities in China, as they had connections there. Like other refugees in Shanghai, they received goodwill and generous help from the Chinese people there. These refugees also survived the war in China and developed strong emotional ties with the Chinese people. It is not exactly known how many Chinese cities had received Jewish refugees and it is impossible to survey all these cities. This chapter will only give a brief overview of some major cities that received the most refugees.
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Notes
- 1.
Wang and Yang (2001).
- 2.
Stern (2003).
- 3.
Interview with Rubinsohn.
- 4.
Israel’s Messenger, Jan. 20, 1939.
- 5.
Fang (1997).
- 6.
Dicker (1962).
- 7.
Matzat (2001).
- 8.
Dongshanziming, Trans. Wu Mingtang, Jews in China, Hoover Library and Archives, Stanford University, USA.
- 9.
Fang (1996).
- 10.
Pan (2015).
- 11.
Pan (2015).
- 12.
M. W. Beckelman, The Jewish Community of Tientsin.
- 13.
According to some articles, Weidmann, consul of German consulate in Tianjin, was against Nazis but some articles said he was not.
- 14.
- 15.
Interview with Kabulianski.
- 16.
Israel's Messenger, Sep. 12, 1939.
- 17.
Rosa Luxemburg (1871–1919), born in a Jewish family, was the leader of the German and Polish workers and the founder of the German Communist Party. He was killed when he led the Berlin workers' uprising in January 1919.
- 18.
Karfunkel (2014).
- 19.
Karfunkel (2014).
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Pan, G. (2019). Jewish Refugees in Other Chinese Cities. In: A Study of Jewish Refugees in China (1933–1945). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9483-6_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9483-6_4
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