Abstract
Before the arrival of European Jewish refugees, China had two influential Jewish communities, the Sephardi Jews and the Russian Ashkenazi Jews. This chapter is about the development of the Jewish communities and their support for European Jews fleeing to take refuge in China.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
Roth (1941).
- 2.
Leventhal (1988).
- 3.
Wei (1979).
- 4.
The Rothschild Family was the richest Jewish family in Europe and had impacted the finance and economy of Europe and the United States for more than 200 years. The founders of the family were Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744–1812) and his five sons.
- 5.
Ashkenazi Jews originally referred to European Jews, mainly referring to Central and Eastern European Jews and Russian Jews.
- 6.
Leventhal (1988).
- 7.
Leventhal (1988).
- 8.
- 9.
In March 1881, Russian Emperor Alexander II was assassinated. Because one of the arrested suspects was Jews, the Russian authorities took the opportunity to set off anti-Semitic waves in Russia, which expanded to Eastern Europe and continued till the early twentieth century. See Chap. 14.
- 10.
Gilbert (2000).
- 11.
Marvin Tokayer. The Fugu Plan (Chinese version), p. 35.
- 12.
Steinfield (1910).
- 13.
Heilongjiang Province Local Chronicles Compilation Committee (1993).
- 14.
Shuang (2007).
- 15.
See Chap. 8, Sect. 8.2.
- 16.
Irene Eber. China and the Jews, p. 37.
- 17.
Dicker (1962, p. 22).
- 18.
Goldstein (1999).
- 19.
Jianchang (1997).
- 20.
M. W. Beckman. The Jewish Community in Tianjin.
- 21.
One of the reports of the Jewish Religious Society to Tianjin Social Affairs Bureau. It is now housed in Tianjin Municipal Archives.
- 22.
Guang (2008).
- 23.
Der Ferne Osten, 7 December 1926.
- 24.
Ravikovich (1918).
- 25.
The Bund, short for the General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia, was a left-wing organization.
- 26.
Jianchang (1996a).
- 27.
M. W. Beckman. The Jewish Community in Tianjin.
- 28.
Irene Eber. China and the Jews, p. 40.
- 29.
Manchurian Investigation Department (1940a).
- 30.
Fang Jianchang. Jews in Modern Inner Mongolia, p. 38.
- 31.
Fang Jianchang. Jews in Modern Inner Mongolia, p. 39.
- 32.
Fang Jianchang. Jews in Modern Inner Mongolia, p. 41.
- 33.
Fang Jianchang. Jews in Modern Inner Mongolia. pp. 39, 41.
- 34.
Fang Jianchang. Jews in Modern Inner Mongolia. p. 41.
- 35.
Jianchang (1997b).
- 36.
Manchurian Investigation Department (1940).
- 37.
Yosef Trumpeldor, born in Russia, was promoted to an officer after joining the army. He was stationed in Dalian and lost his left arm in the Russo-Japanese War. Later he moved to Palestine, and became the head of the early Zionist military organization. He was killed in the battle with the Arabs. The Revisionist Zionist youth organization “Betar” was named in his honor (Berit Trumpeldor). See the Appendix II of Chap. 3.
- 38.
Lerner (1999).
- 39.
Jianchang and Wei (1997).
- 40.
Lerner (1999).
- 41.
Jianchang and Wei (1997, p. 88).
- 42.
Jianchang and Wei (1997, pp. 87, 88).
- 43.
Jianchang (1997b).
- 44.
Jianchang (1997c).
- 45.
Matzat (2001).
- 46.
Fang Jianchang (1997b, p. 87).
- 47.
Matzat (2001).
- 48.
Jianchang (1997c, p. 10).
- 49.
Victor (1985).
- 50.
Hasidism is a Jewish religious group, which arose in Poland during the eighteenth century. Hasidic thought focuses on sensibility and spirituality, emphasizing the diversity of worship.
- 51.
Manchurian Investigation Department (1940b).
- 52.
Zhicheng (1993).
- 53.
She (1984).
- 54.
Eighty-five Years of the Shanghai Volunteer Corps, Shanghai, p. 216.
- 55.
Krasno (2009).
- 56.
Ding (2005).
- 57.
Weirong (2008).
- 58.
It was based on the interview of Isador Magid on October 20, 1997 in Melbourne.
- 59.
Vespa (1990).
- 60.
Jianchang (1996b).
- 61.
Marvin Tokayer and Mary Swartz. The Fugu Plan, p. 37.
- 62.
Dicker (1962, p. 42).
- 63.
Jianchang (1996a, p. 56).
- 64.
M.W. Beckman. “The Jewish Community in Tianjin”.
- 65.
Epstein (2004).
- 66.
Weijie (n.d.).
- 67.
Levy (1997).
- 68.
Guang (2005).
- 69.
Fang Jianchang (1996a, p. 8).
- 70.
Siu-tong and Si (2001).
- 71.
Shanghai Municipal Archives, U1-4-2971.
- 72.
Shanghai Municipal Archives, U1-4-0277.
- 73.
See Chap. 2, Sect. 2.2.
- 74.
Pan Guang & Wang Jian, Shanghai Jews for One and a Half Centuries, p. 54.
- 75.
Marvin Tokayer, The Fugu Plan, p. 35.
- 76.
Israel’s Messenger, 20 January 1939.
- 77.
Jianchang (1997d).
- 78.
Kranzler (1976).
- 79.
Guang and Jian (2002).
References
Dicker, H. (1962). Wanderers and settlers in the Far East: A century of Jewish life in China and Japan, New York.
Ding, S. (2005). The crime history of the Kwantung army invading China (p. 80). Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press.
Epstein, I. (2004). My China eye: Memoirs of a Jew and a Journalist. New World Press.
Gilbert, M. (2000). The Dent atlas of Jewish history. Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Publishing House.
Goldstein, J. (Ed.). (1999). The Jews of China. Historical and comparative perspectives (Vol. 1, p. 203). Armonk in New York State.
Guang, P. (2005). Jews in China (p. 107).
Guang, P., & Jian, W. (2002). Shanghai Jews for one and a half centuries. Social Sciences Academic Press.
Guang, P. (Ed.). (2008). Jewish studies in China: Review of 1978–2008 (p. 266). Shanghai: Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press.
Heilongjiang Province Local Chronicles Compilation Committee. (1993). Heilongjiang province local chronicles. Foreign affairs (Vol. 69, p. 137). Harbin: Heilongjiang People’s Publishing House.
Jianchang, F. (1996a). Jews in modern Tianjin. Yin Shan Academic Journal, 2, 52.
Jianchang, F. (1996b). Harbin Jews in the period of Manchukuo. Journal of Liaoning Normal University (Social Science Edition), 4, 80.
Jianchang, F. (1997a). Jews in Inner Mongolia in modern times. Yin Shan Academic Journal, 1, 38.
Jianchang, F. (1997b). A study on the Jewish synagogues and houses of prayers in modern times in China. World Religion Research Journal, 1, 84.
Jianchang, F. (1997c). History of the Jews in Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Beijing, Tianjin and Qingdao, 1911–1949 (Printed copy was sent to the “The Jews in China” International Academic Forum) (p. 16), September, 1997, St. Augustine, Germany.
Jianchang, F. (1997d). The life of Jews in China in the 1930s and 1940s. Morden Chinese History Studies, 6.
Jianchang, F., & Wei, L. (1997). On the Jews in modern Liaoning. Journal of Liaoning Normal University (Social Science Edition), 4, 82.
Kranzler, D. (1976). Japanese, Nazis & Jews: The Jewish Refugee Community of Shanghai, 1938–1945 (p. 302).
Krasno, R. (2009). Once upon a time in Shanghai: A Jewish Woman’s Journey through the twentieth Century China (pp. 98–99).
Lerner, J. (1999). Farewell to Russia: A memories of an alleged American spy, London.
Leventhal, D. (Ed.). (1988). The Jewish Community of Hong Kong, an introduction (p. 3). Hong Kong: Jewish Historical Society of Hong Kong.
Levy, D. (1997). Two-Gun Cohen: A biography (p. 326). New York.
Luk, A. (2009). Sir Matthew Nathan: Hong Kong’s Jewish Governor. Points East, 24(2).
Manchurian Investigation Department. (1940a). The Jews in Manchuria: The past and present of the economy, Dalian (p. 20).
Manchurian Investigation Department. (1940b). An overview of the third session of the Jewish Civilian Representative Assembly. Jewish Questionnaire Materials, Series 22, 44.
Matzat, W. (2001). Short chronicle of the German School in Tsingtao (1924–1946). Bonn (printed by the author).
Ravikovich, S. I. (1918). Reorganization of the Jewish Community in Harbin, 1917. Evreiskoie Slovo, 1.
Roth, C. (1941). The sassoon dynasty (p. 47). London: R. Hale Limited.
She, S.T. (Ed.). (1984). Research material on Shanghai (Shanghai Yanjiu Ziliao) (p. 197), Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House.
Shuang, L. (2007). A history of Jews of Harbin (p. 123). Local Records Publishing.
Siu-tong, K., Si, S. (2001). A century of light (p. 47). CLP Power Hong Kong Limited.
Steinfield, P. (1910). РусскоеделовМаньчжурии (p. 16), Harbin.
Vespa, A. (1990). Secret agent of Japan: A handbook to Japanese imperialism (p. 156). Harbin: Heilongjiang People’s Publishing House.
Victor, P. (1985). Shanghai on Whangpoo. Collection of essays and stories. Washington, D.C.: The Russian American Historical Association.
Wei, H. (1979). A study on Shanghai’s foreign trade at the beginning of its opening (p. 13). Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Publishing House.
Weijie, H. (n.d.). Jewish Elites in Hong Kong: Matthew Nathan, Morris Cohen, and the Kadoories. The article was obtained from Professor Goldstein.
Weirong, C. (2008). Railway zones in Northeast China in modern times (p. 293). Shanghai: Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press.
Zhicheng, W. (1993). A history of the Russian emigre community in Shanghai (Shanghai Eqiao Shi) (pp. 472–473). Shanghai Joint Publishing House.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pan, G. (2019). Characteristic III of the “Chinese Pattern”: Existence of a Rich and Strong Jewish Community. In: A Study of Jewish Refugees in China (1933–1945). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9483-6_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9483-6_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-9482-9
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-9483-6
eBook Packages: Religion and PhilosophyPhilosophy and Religion (R0)