Characteristic I of the “Chinese Pattern”: Open Big Cities as the Main Havens for Jewish Refugees

Abstract

In the United States and some European countries, Jewish refugees were housed in shelters, while those in Latin American countries were arranged to engage in farming and mining. On the contrary, almost all Jewish refugees in China lived in big cities which were open, politically liberal, and culturally inclusive and diverse. This chapter is a case study of several Chinese cities: Shanghai, Hong Kong, Harbin, Tianjin, Dalian and Qingdao.