Abstract
This chapter has examined the nature and adoption of biotechnologies, socio-economic impacts, regulatory frameworks and concerns for rising farm incomes in a cross-country perspective. The product development in biotech has been moving from just insect/herbicide resistance to breaking yield barriers, drought tolerance and quality enhancing traits, just from 3 to 31 crops, a large share of acreage in developing countries and increasing penetration of public sector. The frontiers have been moving forward with the fundamental breakthrough in the form of CRISPR-Cas 9 technique with wide-ranging applications. A rigorous study of peer-reviewed literature shows that GE crop cultivation has increased yields and net income, reduced pesticide usage and helped conserve tillage. Biosafety laws have been stifling product development, and therefore harnessing biotechnologies necessitate enabling policies like a legal framework for biosafety, labelling and trans-boundary movement. Developing countries need to put in place regulations for the new plant breeding techniques on par with the conventional plant breeding techniques. The policy implications have been then drawn for utilization of opportunities in advancement of biotechnology for developing country agriculture.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Acemoglu D, Robinson JA (2012) Why nations fail: origins of power, prosperity and poverty. Profile Books Ltd., London
Adato M, Meinzen-Dick R, Hazell P, Lawrence H (2007) Integrating social and economic analyses to study impacts on livelihoods and poverty: conceptual frameworks and research methods. In: Adato M, Meinzen-Dick R (eds) Agricultural research, livelihoods, and poverty: studies of economic and social impacts in six countries. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp 20–55
Adenle AA, Morris EJ, Murphy DJ, Phillips PWB, Trigo E, Learns P, Quemada Y, Li H, Falck-Zepeda J, Komen J (2018) Rationalizing governance of genetically modified products in developing countries. Nat Biotechnol 36(2):137–139
Ahluwalia MS (1978) Rural poverty and agricultural performance in India. J Dev Stud 14:298–323
Anderson K (2010) Economic impacts of policies affecting crop biotechnology and trade. New Biotechnol 27(5):558–564
Anderson K, Valenzuela E, Jackson LA (2008) Recent and prospective adoption of genetically modified cotton: a global CGE analysis of economic impacts. Econ Dev Cult Chang 56:265–296
Areal FJ, Riesgo L, Rodriguez-Cerezo E (2013) Economic and agronomic impact of commercialized GM crops: a meta-analysis. J Agric Sci 151:7–33
Armstrong S, Westland T (2016) Escaping the middle income trap. East Asia Forum Blog. Retrieved from http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2016/03/28/escaping-the-middle-income-trap
Ashok KR, Giuliani AM, Thilagavathi SV, Raj R, Ramamoorthy MD, Sanjeevi Kumar A (2017) Trait valuation in genetically modified crops: an ex-ante analysis of GM cassava against cassava mosaic disease. Agric Econ Res Rev 30(2):223–234
Bailey R (2002) The looming trade war over plant biotechnology. Cato Trade Policy Analysis, 18. Center for Trade Policy Studies, Cato Institute, Washington, DC
Bansal S, Gruere GP (2012) Implications of mandatory labelling of GM food in India: evidence from the supply side. Food Policy 37(4):467–472
Barrett C, Carter MR, Timmer CP (2010) A century-long perspective on agricultural development. Am J Agric Econ 92(32):447–468
Boccaletti S, Farncesca P, Soregaroli C (2017) Segregation between GM and non-GM inputs and EU feed and food supply chains, future scenarios. AgBioforum 20(1):1–13
Bortesi L, Fischer R (2015) The CRISPR/Cas9 system for plant genome editing and beyond. Biotechnol Adv 33(1):41–52
Bouis HE, Saltzman A, Birol E (2019) Improving nutrition through Biofortification. In: Fan S, Yosef S, Pandya-Lorch R (eds) Agriculture for improved nutrition: seizing the momentum. CAB International
Brewin DG, Malla S (2012) The consequences of biotechnology: a broad view of the changes in the Canadian canola sector, 1969–2012. AgBioforum 15(3):257–275
Brookes G (2005) The farm level impact of using round up ready soybeans in Romania. AgBioforum 8(4):235–241
Brookes G, Barfoot P (2015) GM crops: global socio-economic and environmental impacts 1996–2013. PG Economics Ltd., Dorchester
Brookes G, Barfoot P (2018a) Farm income and production impacts of using GM crop technology 1996– 2016. GM Crops Food 9(1):59–89
Brookes G, Barfoot P (2018b) Environmental impacts of genetically modified (GM) crop use 1996–2016: impacts on pesticide use and carbon emissions. GMCrops Food 9(3):109–139
Bryant H, Maisashvili A, Outlaw J, Richardson J (2016) Effects of proposed mergers and acquisitions among biotechnology firms on seed prices. Working Paper16-2, Agricultural and Food Policy Centre, Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M Agri Life Extension Services, Texas A&M University. Retrieved from http://www.afpc/tamu.edu/
Carpenter JE (2010) Peer-reviewed surveys indicate positive impact of commercialized crops. Nat Biotechnol 28:319–321
Carpenter J, Felsot A, Goode T, Hamming M (2002) Comparative environmental impacts of biotechnology-derived and traditional soybean, corn, and cotton crops. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames
Carriere Y, Ellers-Kirk C, Sisterson M, Antilla L, Whitlow M, Timothy JD, Tabashinik BE (2003) Long-term regional suppression of pink bollworm by Bacillus thuringiensis cotton. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100(4):1519–1523
Craig W, Obonyo DN, Tepfer M (2017) A strategy for integrating science into regulatory decision-making for GMOs: in genetically modified organisms in developing countries. In: Adenle AA, Morris EJ, Murphy D (eds) Risk analysis and governance. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 26–38
Dalrymple DG (2008) International agricultural research as a global public good: concepts, the CGIAR experience, and policy issues. J Int Dev 20:347–379
De Faria RN, Wieck C (2015) Empirical evidence on the trade impact of asynchronous regulatory approval of new GMO events. Food Policy 53:22–32
de Janvry A, Sadoulet E (2002) World poverty and the role of agricultural technology: direct and indirect effects. J Dev Stud 38(4):1–26
Dev SM, Rao CN (2010) Agricultural price policy, farm profitability and food security. Econ Political Wkly 45(26–27):174–182
Durr J (2016) The political economy of agriculture for development today: the “small versus large” scale debate revisited. Agric Econ 47:1–11
EFSA (2012) Scientific opinion addressing the safety assessment of plants developed using zinc finger nuclease 3 and other site-directed nucleases with similar function. EFSA J 10(10):2943
Eichengreen B, Park D, Shin K (2013) Growth slowdown redux: new evidence on the middle-income trap. Working Paper No. 18673. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, USA
Fabrick JA et al (2014) Alternative splicing and highly variable cadherin transcripts associated with field-evolved resistance of pink bollworm to Bt cotton in India. PLoS One 9(5):1–13
Falck-Zepeda JB, Traxler G, Nelson RG (2000) Surplus distribution from the introduction of a biotechnology innovation. Am J Agric Econ 82(2):360–369
Fernandez-Cornejo J, McBride WD (2002) Adoption of bioengineered crops. Agricultural Economic Report NO.810. US Department of Agriculture
Fernandez-Cornejo, Hendricks C, Mishra A (2005) Technology adoption and Off-Farm household income: the case of herbicide-tolerant soybeans. J Agric Appl Econ 37(2):549–563
Finger R et al (2011) A meta-analysis on farm-level costs and benefits of GM crops. Sustainability 3:743–762
Fitt GP (2003) Implementation and impact of transgenic Bt cottons in Australia. ICAC Recorder 21(4):14–19
Ghouse M, Piesse J, Thirtle C, Poulton C (2009) Assessing the performance of GM maize amongst stall holders in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. AgBioforum 12(1):78–89
Ghouse M, Sengupta D, Zambrano P, Falck-Zepeda J (2016) Genetically modified: less drudgery for her, more maize for him? Evidence from smallholder maize farmers in South Africa. World Dev 83:27–38
Graff G, Zilberman D (2016) How the ‘IP-Regulatory’ complex affects incentives to develop socially desirable products from agricultural genomics. In: Marden E, Godfrey RN, Manion R (eds) The intellectual property- regulatory complex: overcoming barriers to innovation in agricultural genomics. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver
Graff G, Hochman G, Suntharlingam C, Zilberman D (2015) The competing policy paradigms of agricultural biotechnology: implications and opportunities for emerging and developing economies. AgBioforum 18(2):168–181
Gruere G, Sengupta D (2011) Bt cotton and farmer suicides in India: an evidence-based assessment. J Dev Stud 47(2):316–337
Gruere G, Sun Y (2012) Measuring the contribution of Bt cotton adoption to India’s cotton yields leap. IFPRI Discussion Paper 01170, April. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC
Guenthner JF (2017) Economic and environmental benefits of biotech potatoes with traits for bruise resistance, late blight resistance, and cold storage. AgBioforum 20(1):37–45
Gullickson G (2018) 10 Ag mergers and acquisitions from 2017. Available at: http://news.agropages.com/News/NewsDetail%2D%2D-24882-e.htm. Accessed on 27 May 2019
Gupta A (2011) An evolving science-society contract in India: the search for legitimacy in anticipatory risk governance. Food Policy 36:736–741
Hall C, Knight B, Ringrose S, Knox O (2013) What have been the farm-level economic impacts of the global cultivation of GM crops? Syst Rev. CEE review11-002, Collaboration for Environmental Evidence Library. Retrieved from www.environmentalevidence.org/SR110
Hazell PBR (2009) The Asian green revolution. IFPRI Discussion Paper No. 00911. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC
Hefferon KL, Herring RJ (2017) The end of the GMO? Genome editing, gene drives and new frontiers of plant technology. Rev Agrar Stud 7(1):1–32
Heller MA, Eisenberg RS (1998) Can patents deter innovation? The anti commons in biomedical research. Science 280:698–701
Herring RJ, Paarlberg R (2016) The political economy of biotechnology. Ann Rev Resour Econ 8(8):1–8. Retrieved from http://www.annualreviews.org/journal/resource
Howard PH (2015) Intellectual property and consolidation in the seed industry. Crop Sci 55(2015):1–7
Hutchison WD et al (2010) Area wide suppression of European corn borer with Bt maize reaps savings to non-Bt maize growers. Science 330:222–225
ISAAA (2017) Global status of commercialised Biotech/GM crops in 2017: biotech crop adoption surges as economic benefits accumulate in 22 years. ISAAA Brief 53. International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications
Jaganathan D, Ramasamy K, Sellamuthu G, Jayabalan S, Venkataraman G (2018) CRISPR for crop improvement, an update review. Front Plant Sci 9:985
Jander G, Baerson SR, Hudak JA, Gonzalez KA, Gruys K, Gomez E et al (2003) Ethylmethanesulfonate saturation mutagenesis in Arabidopsis to determine frequency of herbicide resistance. Plant Physiol 131(1):139–146
Jefferson DJ, Padmanabhan MS (2016) Recent evolutions in intellectual property frameworks for agricultural biotechnology: a worldwide survey. Asian Biotechnol Dev Rev 18(1):47–67
Kalaitzandonakes N, Kruse J, Gouse M (2015) The potential economic impacts of herbicide tolerant maize in developing countries: review and evidence from Kenya. AgBioforum 18(2):221–238
Kathage J, Qaim M (2012) Economic impacts and impact dynamics of Bt cotton in India. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109(29):1652–11656
Klumper W, Qaim M (2014) A meta-analysis of the impacts of genetically modified crops. Plos-One 9(11–29):1–7. Retrieved from http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111629
Kniss A (2008) Farm-scale analysis of glyphosate-resistant sugar beet the year of commercial introduction in Wyoming. International Weed Science Society Annual Meeting
Kolodinsky J, Lusk JL (2018) Mandatory labels can improve toward genetically engineered food. Sci Adv 4(6):1413
Kouser S, Qaim M (2011) Impact of Bt cotton on pesticide poisoning in smallholder agriculture: a panel data analysis. Ecol Econ 70(11):2015–2013
Kouser S, Qaim M (2013) Genetically modified crops and food security. PLoS One. open access journal, June
Kranthi KR (2015) Pink bollworm strikes cotton again. Cotton Statistics and News No.35. Retrieved from http://www.cicr.org.in/pdf/Kranthi_art/Pinkbollworm.pdf
Krishna V, Qaim M (2012) Bt cotton and sustainability of pesticide reductions in India. Agric Syst 107:47–55
Lassoued R, Stuart JS, Peter WBP, Hayley H (2018) Regulatory uncertainty around new breeding techniques. Front Plant Sci 9:1291
Lewis A (1954) Economic development with unlimited supplies of labor. In: Gersovitz M (ed) Selected economic writings of W. Arthur Lewis. New York University Press, 1983
Lianos I, Katalevsky D, Ivanov A (2016) The global seed market, competition law and intellectual property rights: untying the Gordian knot. Research Paper Series: 2/2016. Centre for Law, Economics and Society, University of London. Retrieved from www.ucl.ac.uk/cles/research-paper-series
Lichtenberg E, Zilberman D (1986) The econometrics of damage control: why specification matters. Am J Agric Econ 68:261–273
Marra MC, Piggott NE, Carlson GA (2004) The net benefits, including convenience, of roundup ready soybean: results from a national survey. Technical Bulletin 2004-3. NSF Centre for IPM, Raleigh
Mellor JW (2006) Pro-poor growth- the relation between agricultural growth and poverty reduction. In: Radhakrishna R, Rao SK, Dev SM, Subbarao K (eds) India in a globalising world: some aspects of macro economy, agriculture and poverty. Academic Foundation, New Delhi
Morris EJ (2017) Biosafety regulatory systems in Africa. In: David PK, Makinde D, Weebadde CK, Maredia K (eds) Biosafety in Africa, experiences and best practices
Morse S, Mannion AM, Evans C (2012) Location, location, location: presenting evidence for genetically modified crops. Appl Geogr 34:274–280
Muller C, Robertson RD (2014) Projecting future crop productivity for global economic modelling. Agric Econ 45:37–50
NASEM (2016) Genetically engineered crops: experiences and prospects. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC. Retrieved fromwww.nap.edu
Otuska K (2013) Food insecurity, income inequality, and the changing comparative advantage in world agriculture. Agric Econ 44:7–18
Pardey PG, Chan-Kang C, Beddow JM, Dehmer SP (2015) Long-run and Global R&D Funding Trajectories: the U.S. farm bill in a changing context. Am J Agric Econ 97(5):1312–1323
Pingali P (2012) Green revolution: impacts, limits and the path ahead. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109(31):12302–12308
Pray CE, Huang JHR, Rozelle S (2002) Five years of Bt cotton in China- the benefits continue. Plant J 31:423–430
Punt MJ, Venus TJ, Justus W (2017) The costs of coexistence on farms in Germany. AgBioforum 20(1):24–36
Purnhagen KP, Esther K, Kleter G, Schebesta H, Visser RGG, Justus W (2018) EU court casts new plant breeding techniques into regulatory limbo. Nat Biotechnol 36(9):799–800
Qaim M (2009) The economics of genetically modified crops. Ann Rev Resour Econ 1:665–693
Qaim M (2016) Genetically modified crops and agricultural development. Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Qaim M, de Janvry A (2003) Genetically modified crops, corporate pricing strategies, and farmers’ adoption: the case of Bt cotton in Argentina. Am J Agric Econ 85(4):814–828
Qaim M, Traxler G (2005) Roundup ready soybeans in Argentina: farm level and aggregate welfare effects. Agric Econ 32:73–86
Qiao F (2015) Fifteen years of Bt cotton in China: the economic impact and its dynamics. World Dev 70:177–185
Rao NC (2004) Plant biotechnology and the emerging scenario. Rev Dev Chang 9(1):69–92
Rao NC (2013) Bt cotton yields and performance: data and methodological issues. Econ Political Wkly 48(33):66–69
Rao NC (2015) Disadvantaged regions and social groups: is there a way out? Indian J Agric Econ 70(3):438–449
Rao NC, Dev SM (2009) Biotechnology and pro-poor agricultural development. Econ Polit Wkly 44(52):56–56
Rao NC, Dev SM (2010) Biotechnology in Indian agriculture: potential, performance and concerns. Academic Foundation, New Delhi
Rao NC, Pray CE, Herring RJ (2015) Biotechnology for a second green revolution in India: socioeconomic, political and public policy issues. AgBioforum 18(2):126–141. Retrieved from www.agbioforum.org
Rao NC, Carl EP, Ronald JH (2018) Biotechnology for second green revolution in India, overview of issues. In: Rao NCS, Pray CE, Herring RJ (eds) Biotechnology for a second green revolution in India, socioeconomic, political and public policy issues. Academic Foundation, New Delhi
Ravi B (2013) Gene patents in India: gauging policy by an analysis of the Grants made by the Indian patent office. J Intellect Prop Rights 18(4):323–329
Rosado A, Craig W (2017) Biosafety regulatory systems overseeing the use of genetically modified organisms in the Latin America and Caribbean region. AgBioforum 20(2):120–132
Schaart JG, Visser RGF (2009) Novel plant breeding techniques-consequences of new genetic modification-based plant breeding techniques in comparison to conventional plant breeding (Report 2009-02). The Netherlands Commission on Genetic Modification (COGEM), Bilthoven, pp 2785–2794
Schultz TW (1964) Transforming traditional agriculture. Yale University Press, New Haven
Seyran E, Craig W (2018) New breeding techniques and their possible regulation. AgBioforum 21(1):1–12
Shiva V (2018) Biodiversity, GMOs, gene drives and militarised mind. Retrieved from http://www.ipsnews.net/2016/07/biodiversity-gmos-gene-drives-and-the-militarised-mind/
Smale M, Zambrano P, Paz-Ybarnegaray R, Fernandez-Montano W (2012) A case of resistance: herbicide-tolerant soybeans in Bolivia. AgBioforum 15(2):191–205
Smyth SJ, Jose FZ, Karinne L (2016) The costs of regulatory delays for genetically modified crops. Estey J Int Law Trade Policy 17(2):173–195
Spielaman D, Nazli H, Ma A, Zambrano P, Zaidi F (2015) Technological opportunity, regulatory uncertainty, and Bt cotton in Pakistan. AgBioforum 18(1):98–112
Srinivas KR (2018) Regulating genome edited crops and European court of justice ruling. Asian Biotechnol Dev Rev 20(1–2):89–97
Stephens, J., Barakate, A. (2017). Gene editing technologies – ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9, Encyclopedia of applied plant sciences, 2nd B. Thomas, B. G. Murray, D. J. Murphy (Cambridge, MA: Academic), 157–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394807-6.00242-2
Stone G (2011) Field versus farm in Warangal: Bt cotton, higher yields and larger questions. World Dev 39(3):387–398
Subramanian A, Qaim M (2009) Village-wide effects of agricultural biotechnology: the case of Bt cotton in India. World Dev 37(1):256–267
Subramanian A, Qaim M (2010) The impact of Bt cotton on poor households in rural India. J Dev Stud 46(2):295–311
Swinnen J, Riera O (2013) The global bio-economy. Agric Econ 44:1–5
The Economist (2016) Gene policy transfer. The Economist 23. Retrieved http://www.economist.com/news/china/21697272-china-may-relax-its-almost-total-ban-growing-gm-food-gene-policy-transfer
Thirtle C, Beyers L, Ismael Y, Piesse J (2003) Can GM-technologies help the poor? The impact of Bt cotton in Makhathini Flats, Kwa Zulu-Natal. World Dev 31(4):717–732
Till BJ, Cooper J, Tai TH, Colowit P, Greene EA, Henikoff S, Comai L (2007) Discovery of chemically induced mutations in rice by TILLING. BMC Plant Biol 7:19
Traxler G, Godoy-Avila S, Falck-Zepeda J, Espinoza-Arellano J (2003) Transgenic cotton in Mexico: a case study of the Comarca Lagunera. In: Kalaitzandonakes N (ed) The economic and environmental impacts of Agbiotech. Kluwer, New York
USDA (2015) Argentina annual biotechnology report, GAIN report. United States Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service
Vigani M, Olper A (2012) International trade and endogenous standards: the case of GMO regulations. World Trade Rev 11(3):415–437
WB (2007) World Development Report (2008). Agriculture for development. The World Bank, Washington, DC
Wilson WW, De Vuyst EA, Taylor RD, Koo WW, Dahl BL (2008) Implications of biotech traits with segregation costs and market segments: the case of roundup ready wheat. Eur Rev Agric Econ 35(1):51–73
Witsjaksono J, Wei X, Mao S, Gong W, Li Y, Yuan Y (2014) Yield and economic performance of the use of GM cotton worldwide over time: a review and meta-analysis. China Agric Econ Rev 6(4):616–643
Wu KM, Lu YH, Feng HQ, Jiang YY, Zhao JH (2008) Suppression of cotton bollworm in multiple crops in China in areas with Bt toxin-containing cotton. Science 321:1676–1678
Yorobe JM, Smale M (2012) Impacts of Bt maize on smallholder income in the Philippines. AgBioforum 15(2):152–162
Zaidi SSA, Vanderschuren H, Qai M, Mahfouz MM, Kohli A, Mansoor S, Tester M (2019) New plant breeding technologies for food security. Science 363(6434):1390–1391
Zilberman D, Kim E, Kirschner S, Kaplan S, Reeves J (2013) Technology and the future bio economy. Agric Econ 44:95–102
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nuthalapati, C.S.R. (2020). From Genetic Engineering to Gene Editing: Harnessing Advances in Biology for National Economic Development. In: Keswani, C. (eds) Bioeconomy for Sustainable Development. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9431-7_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9431-7_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-9430-0
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-9431-7
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)