Abstract
Leadership is a fundamental characteristic of naval–military strategy. However, the development of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has led to the leadership being complemented by an emerging paradigm called e-leadership. Therefore, it is interesting to evaluate this paradigm in a naval–military organization where they are currently using WhatsApp as a tool to issue and follow up on dispositions. Considering the perspectives of technology, communication, and trust proposed by Avolio (Organ. Dyn. 2003, [3]), He et al. (E-leadership strategy in virtual organizations and virtual teams, 2008, [8]) and Liu et al. (Leadersh. Organ. Dev. J. 39(7):826–843, 2018, [10]), a survey is applied to Lieutenant Commanders and Lieutenants of the organization. The results evidence a questionable use of e-leadership over WhatsApp. However, e-leadership fails to be effective due to the conflicts that are complicated to mitigate even in the traditional leadership of the organization.
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Notes
- 1.
WhatsApp is a messaging application for smartphones, which sends and receives messages via the Internet, complementing instant messaging services, short message service or multimedia messaging system.
- 2.
In statistics, the sample size (\(\eta \)) is the number of subjects that make up the sample drawn from a population and are necessary for the data obtained to be representative of the population. The variable Z is a constant that depends on the level of confidence for this study is 95%. The variable p is the proportion of individuals who possess the characteristic of study in the population. This data is generally unknown and it is usually assumed that p = q = 0.5, which is the safest option. The variable q is the proportion of individuals that do not possess this characteristic, that is, it is 1-p.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Academia de Guerra Naval - Armada del Ecuador and Dirección General de Educación y Doctrina and sponsored by Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE.
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Reyes Ch., R.P., Recalde Herrera, L., Andrade Daza, G., Gómez Bravo, V., Pérez Vaca, H. (2020). E-leadership Using WhatsApp, A Challenge for Navy Organizations: An Empirical Study. In: Rocha, Á., Pereira, R. (eds) Developments and Advances in Defense and Security. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, vol 152. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9155-2_15
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