Abstract
This chapter aims to provide background knowledge about electroencephalogram (EEG) origin and measurement. First, a brief introduction of neural basis of EEG is summarized. Then, issues about volume conduction and source estimation of EEG are discussed. Finally, the fundamentals of EEG measurement and the methods for improving performance of EEG measurement are provided.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Acharya JN, Hani A, Cheek J, Thirumala P, Tsuchida TN. American Clinical Neurophysiology society guideline 2: guidelines for standard electrode position nomenclature. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;33(4):308–11. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNP.0000000000000316.
American Clinical Neurophysiology, S. Guideline 5: Guidelines for standard electrode position nomenclature. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;23(2):107–10.
Avitan L, Teicher M, Abeles M. EEG generator–a model of potentials in a volume conductor. J Neurophysiol. 2009;102(5):3046–59. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.91143.2008.
Baek JY, An JH, Choi JM, et al. Flexible polymeric dry electrodes for the long-term monitoring of ECG[J]. Sensors Actuators A Phys. 2008;143(2):423–9.
Bazhenov M, Lonjers P, Skorheim S, Bedard C, Dstexhe A. Non-homogeneous extracellular resistivity affects the current-source density profiles of up-down state oscillations. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2011;369(1952):3802–19. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0119.
Beckmann L, Neuhaus C, Medrano G, Jungbecker N, Walter M, Gries T, Leonhardt S. Characterization of textile electrodes and conductors using standardized measurement setups. Physiol Meas. 2010;31(2):233–47. https://doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/31/2/009.
Buzsáki G, Anastassiou CA, Koch C. The origin of extracellular fields and currents—EEG, ECoG, LFP and spikes. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012;13:407.
Chiou JC, Ko LW, Lin CT, et al. Using novel MEMS EEG sensors in detecting drowsiness application[C]//2006 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference. IEEE; 2006. p. 33–36.
Engel AK, Moll CK, Fried I, Ojemann GA. Invasive recordings from the human brain: clinical insights and beyond. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005;6(1):35–47. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1585.
Fonseca C, Silva Cunha JP, Martins RE, Ferreira VM, Marques de Sa JP, Barbosa MA, Martins da Silva A. A novel dry active electrode for EEG recording. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2007;54(1):162–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2006.884649.
Freeman WJ. Use of spatial deconvolution ot compensate for distortion of EEG by volume conduction. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1980;27(8):421–9. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.1980.326750.
Fuchs M, Wagner M, Kastner J. Development of volume conductor and source models to localize epileptic foci. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2007;24(2):101–19. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNP.0b013e318038fb3e.
Gold C, Henze DA, Koch C, Buzsaki G. On the origin of the extracellular action potential waveform: a modeling study. J Neurophysiol. 2006;95(5):3113–28. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00979.2005.
Griss P, Enoksson P, Tolvanen-Laakso HK, Merilainen P, Ollmar S, Stemme G. Micromachined electrodes for biopotential measurements. J Microelectromech Syst. 2001;10(1):10–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/84.911086.
Griss P, Tolvanen-Laakso HK, Merilainen P, Stemme G. Characterization of micromachined spiked biopotential electrodes. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2002;49(6):597–604. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2002.1001974.
Gruetzmann A, Hansen S, Muller J. Novel dry electrodes for ECG monitoring. Physiol Meas. 2007;28(11):1375–90. https://doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/28/11/005.
Henze DA, Borhegyi Z, Csicsvari J, Mamiya A, Harris KD, Buzsaki G. Intracellular features predicted by extracellular recordings in the hippocampus in vivo. J Neurophysiol. 2000;84(1):390–400. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.84.1.390.
Hildebrandt J, Smith D, Great Pacific Media (Firm). The nervous system: neurons, networks, and the human brain. Colorado Springs: Great Pacific Media; 2008.
Hoffmann KP, Ruff R. Flexible dry surface-electrodes for ECG long-term monitoring. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2007;2007:5740–3. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2007.4353650.
Holmes GL, Khazipov R. Basic Neurophysiology and the cortical basis of EEG. In: Blum AS, Rutkove SB, editors. The clinical neurophysiology primer. Totowa: Humana Press; 2007. p. 19–33.
Jackson AF, Bolger DJ. The neurophysiological bases of EEG and EEG measurement: a review for the rest of us. Psychophysiology. 2014;51(11):1061–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12283.
Jasper HH. The ten-twenty electrode system of the international federation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1958;10:370–5.
Kajikawa Y, Schroeder CE. How local is the local field potential? Neuron. 2011;72(5):847–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.09.029.
Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM, Siegelbaum S, Hudspeth AJ. Principles of neural science. 5th ed. New York/London: McGraw-Hill; 2013.
Kim YS, Baek HJ, Kim JS, Lee HB, Choi JM, Park KS. Helmet-based physiological signal monitoring system. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009;105(3):365–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-008-0912-6.
Knott JR. Regarding the American electroencephalographic society guidelines for standard electrode position nomenclature: a commentary on the proposal to change the 10–20 electrode designators. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1993;10(1):123–8.
Kutas M. Views on how the electrical activity that the brain generates reflects the functions of different language structures. Psychophysiology. 1997;34(4):383–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02382.x.
Lin CT, Liao LD, Liu YH, Wang IJ, Lin BS, Chang JY. Novel dry polymer foam electrodes for long-term EEG measurement. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2011;58(5):1200–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2010.2102353.
Linden H, Tetzlaff T, Potjans TC, Pettersen KH, Grun S, Diesmann M, Einevoll GT. Modeling the spatial reach of the LFP. Neuron. 2011;72(5):859–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.11.006.
Lopes da Silva F. EEG: origin and measurement. In: Mulert C, Lemieux L, editors. EEG - fMRI. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer; 2009.
Luck SJ. An introduction to the event-related potential technique. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 2014.
Matthews R, McDonald NJ, Anumula H, Woodward J, Turner PJ, Steindorf MA, Chang K, Pendleton JM. Novel hybrid bioelectrodes for ambulatory zero-prep EEG measurements using multi-channel wireless EEG system. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer; 2007.
Matthews R, Turner PJ, McDonald NJ, Ermolaev K, Manus T, Shelby RA, Steindorf M. Real time workload classification from an ambulatory wireless EEG system using hybrid EEG electrodes. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2008;2008:5871–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2008.4650550.
MettingVanRijn AC, Kuiper AP, Dankers TE, Grimbergen CA. Low-cost active electrode improves the resolution in biopotential recordings. Paper presented at the Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society; 1996
Nagel JH. Biopotential amplifiers. In: The biomedical engineering handbook, vol. 2. Boca Raton: CRC/Taylor & Francis; 2000. p. 1300.
Niedermeyer E, Lopes da Silva FH. Electroencephalography: basic principles, clinical applications, and related fields. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.
Nunez PL, Srinivasan R. Electric fields of the brain: the neurophysics of EEG. 2nd ed. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press; 2006.
Picton TW, Lins OG, Scherg M. The recording and analysis of event-related potentials, vol. 10; 1995.
Picton TW, Bentin S, Berg P, Donchin E, Hillyard SA, Johnson R, Miller GA, Ritter W, Ruchkin DS, Rugg MD, Taylor MJ. Guidelines for using human event-related potentials to study cognition: recording standards and publication criteria. Psychophysiology. 2000;37(2):127–52.. doi:undefined
Rosler F, Heil M, Hennighausen E. Distinct cortical activation patterns during long-term memory retrieval of verbal, spatial, and color information. J Cogn Neurosci. 1995;7(1):51–65. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1995.7.1.51.
Rowan AJ, Tolunsky E. Primer of EEG: with a mini-atlas. Philadelphia: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2003.
Ruffini G, Dunne S, Farrés E, Marco-Pallarés J, Ray C, Mendoza E, Silva R, Grau C. A dry electrophysiology electrode using CNT arrays. Sensors Actuators A Phys. 2006;132(1):34–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2006.06.013.
Squire LR. Fundamental neuroscience. 3rd ed. Amsterdam/Boston: Elsevier/Academic; 2008.
Srinivasan R, Tucker DM, Murias M. Estimating the spatial Nyquist of the human EEG. Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput. 1998;30(1):8–19. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03209412.
Taheri BA, Knight RT, Smith RL. A dry electrode for EEG recording. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1994;90(5):376–83.
Teplan M. Fundamentals of EEG measurement. Measurement Sci Rev. 2002;2(2):1–11.
Yao D. A method to standardize a reference of scalp EEG recordings to a point at infinity[J]. Physiol Meas. 2001;22(4):693.
Yao D, Wang L, Oostenveld R, et al. A comparative study of different references for EEG spectral mapping: the issue of the neutral reference and the use of the infinity reference[J]. Physiol Meas. 2005;26(3):173.
Zhang H, Tao XM. Textile-structured electrodes for electrocardiogram AU – Xu, P. J Textile Progress. 2008;40(4):183–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405160802597479.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Xia, X., Hu, L. (2019). EEG: Neural Basis and Measurement. In: Hu, L., Zhang, Z. (eds) EEG Signal Processing and Feature Extraction. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9113-2_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9113-2_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-9112-5
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-9113-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)