Abstract
A biomarker is a measurable change associated with the biological process (including continuously from healthy normal stage to disease stage). Controlled by homeostatic mechanisms of the body, all cell bathing in body fluids, mainly blood and cerebral spinal fluid, tend to remove early changes. Wastes of the body, such as urine and breath, accumulating all kinds of early changes, are better biomarker sources.
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Gao, Y. (2019). Urine Is Not a Human Waste but a Medical Treasure. In: Gao, Y. (eds) Urine. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9109-5_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9109-5_1
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