Abstract
Australia’s refugee policy can be characterized as crimmigration since it constructs asylum seekers as illegal and subjects them to indefinite detention in offshore processing centres where human rights abuses occur. In addition, Australia’s highly secretive refugee processing arrangements in remote locations, where a multiplicity of state actors and private security firms are involved, makes human rights monitoring by lawyers, journalists, medical professionals and refugee advocates virtually impossible, and also means it is hard to assign responsibility for human rights violations under state-centric international law. Transparency and accountability are further impeded by the Australian state’s creative use of law, or ‘rule with law’, to deter refugees and keep its border enforcement operations secret. While criminal prosecution under Australian federal law is conceivable, that is itself complicated by the fact human rights infringements have occurred wholly outside Australia. In light of these factors, and given the Australian Government refuses to change its asylum policy, this chapter considers some of the small ways both asylum seekers and employees resist significant levels of surveillance and control within detention centres, as well as some of the ‘counterveillance’ tactics, such as letter writing and social media messaging, they have employed to tell stories of detention centre conditions as a direct challenge to state secrecy.
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Notes
- 1.
Martin 2015a, pp. 305–306.
- 2.
Martin 2015a.
- 3.
- 4.
Stumpf 2006.
- 5.
- 6.
- 7.
- 8.
Welch 2012, p. 325.
- 9.
Ibid.
- 10.
Ibid.
- 11.
Ibid. p. 331.
- 12.
Welch 2012, p. 334.
- 13.
Ibid.
- 14.
Ibid. 335.
- 15.
Urry 2014, p. 25.
- 16.
Welch 2012, pp. 336–337.
- 17.
Nethery and Holman 2016, p. 1027.
- 18.
- 19.
Grewcock 2017, p. 84.
- 20.
van Berlo 2017, p. 66.
- 21.
Dickson 2015, p. 443.
- 22.
Ibid. 444.
- 23.
Welch 2012, p. 339.
- 24.
- 25.
McKay 2015, p. 633.
- 26.
Briskman et al. (2010, p. 1094.
- 27.
- 28.
Briskman et al. 2010, p. 1094.
- 29.
Dickson 2015, p. 439.
- 30.
Ibid. p. 440.
- 31.
- 32.
Grewcock 2017, p. 73.
- 33.
Ibid. p. 76; Juss 2017, p. 149.
- 34.
Plaintiff M68/2015 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection.
- 35.
UNHCR 2013, para 4.
- 36.
Dickson 2015, p. 444.
- 37.
Nethery and Holman 2016, p. 1027.
- 38.
Dickson 2015, p. 444.
- 39.
Dastyari 2015.
- 40.
Ibid. p. 689.
- 41.
van Berlo 2017.
- 42.
Ibid. p. 61.
- 43.
Ibid. p. 62.
- 44.
- 45.
- 46.
Martin 2015a, p. 304.
- 47.
Nethery and Holman 2016, p. 1019.
- 48.
Welch 2012, p. 327.
- 49.
- 50.
van Berlo 2017, p. 67.
- 51.
- 52.
Quinn 2018.
- 53.
Bronitt and McSherry 2017, p. 1054.
- 54.
Ibid. p. 1053.
- 55.
Hayward 2011, p. 60.
- 56.
Pursuant to s 274.3 of the Criminal Code.
- 57.
Hamm 2007, p. 279.
- 58.
Ibid. p. 281.
- 59.
Steyn 2004.
- 60.
Agamben 2005.
- 61.
- 62.
van Berlo 2017, p. 64.
- 63.
- 64.
van Berlo 2017, p. 70.
- 65.
Cp. Billings 2011.
- 66.
McBarnet 2013, p. 71.
- 67.
Bowling and Sheptycki 2015, p. 142.
- 68.
McBarnet 2006, p. 1091.
- 69.
Martin 2019, p. 243.
- 70.
Hamm 2007, p. 268.
- 71.
Martin 2019, p. 225.
- 72.
Bowling and Sheptycki 2015, pp. 159-160.
- 73.
- 74.
Crouch 2016.
- 75.
Crouch 2004, p. 14.
- 76.
Hamilton and Maddison 2007.
- 77.
- 78.
Welch 2012, p. 325.
- 79.
Billings 2018.
- 80.
Welch 2012, p. 332.
- 81.
Ibid. p. 338.
- 82.
Nethery and Holman 2016, p. 1025.
- 83.
Ibid. p. 1019.
- 84.
Burnside 2015.
- 85.
Ibid. p. 4.
- 86.
Martin 2017a, p. 105.
- 87.
Williams 2015.
- 88.
Martin 2017b.
- 89.
- 90.
- 91.
Petrie 2017, p. 3.
- 92.
Ibid. p. 8.
- 93.
Marx 2013, p. 60.
- 94.
- 95.
Martin and Tazreiter 2017, p. 104.
- 96.
Briskman and Doe 2016.
- 97.
Goffman 1961.
- 98.
Grewcock 2017, p. 76.
- 99.
Behrouz Boochani, quoted in Rae et al. 2018, p. 486.
- 100.
Foucault 1977, p. 136.
- 101.
- 102.
Goffman 1961, p. 187.
- 103.
- 104.
Ibid. p. 77.
- 105.
Welch 2011, p. 302.
- 106.
Foucault 1977.
- 107.
Mathiesen 1997.
- 108.
Welch 2011, p. 303.
- 109.
Ibid. p. 302.
- 110.
Monahan 2006.
- 111.
Mann et al. 2003.
- 112.
Welch 2011, p. 304.
- 113.
Ibid.
- 114.
Ibid.
- 115.
Ibid.
- 116.
Mathiesen 1997.
- 117.
Welch 2011, p. 304.
- 118.
Ibid. original emphasis.
- 119.
Ibid. p. 305.
- 120.
Briskman and Fiske 2016.
- 121.
Martin and Tazreiter 2017.
- 122.
Ibid. p. 102.
- 123.
Ibid. p. 112.
- 124.
Briskman et al. 2010, p. 1102.
- 125.
Ibid. p. 1101.
- 126.
Hamm 2007, p. 273.
- 127.
Isaacs 2016.
- 128.
Briskman and Doe 2016, p. 76
- 129.
Ibid. pp. 76–77.
- 130.
Ibid. p. 77.
- 131.
Ibid.
- 132.
Ibid. p. 78.
- 133.
Martin 2015b.
- 134.
Asylum seekers, quoted in Martin and Tazreiter 2017, p. 108.
- 135.
Welch 2011, p. 309, original emphasis.
- 136.
Boochani 2017.
- 137.
Meyer 2009, p. 59.
- 138.
Boochani 2017.
- 139.
Boochani 2018.
- 140.
Rae et al. 2018, p. 482.
- 141.
Joyce 2013.
- 142.
Rae et al. 2018 p. 480.
- 143.
Ibid. p. 482.
- 144.
Briskman 2013, p. 11.
- 145.
Heemsbergen and Daly 2017, p. 392.
- 146.
Rae et al. 2018, p. 489.
- 147.
Martin 2019.
- 148.
Rae et al. p. 491; see also Heemsbergen and Daly 2017.
- 149.
Doyle 2011.
- 150.
Ritzer and Jurgenson 2010.
- 151.
Yardley et al. 2017, p. 469.
- 152.
- 153.
Altheide and Snow 1991.
- 154.
- 155.
Rae et al. 2018, p. 481.
- 156.
Heemsbergen and Daly 2017, p. 390.
- 157.
Ibid. p. 394.
- 158.
- 159.
- 160.
See also Doherty 2017.
- 161.
Benson 2018.
- 162.
Shields 2019.
- 163.
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Martin, G. (2019). Turn the Detention Centre Inside Out: Challenging State Secrecy in Australia’s Offshore Processing of Asylum Seekers. In: Billings, P. (eds) Crimmigration in Australia. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9093-7_14
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