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Chicken Infectious Anaemia Virus

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Recent Advances in Animal Virology

Abstract

Chicken infectious anaemia virus (CIAV) is an immunosuppressive and vertically transmitted disease of poultry, prevalent worldwide. It is caused by the smallest DNA virus known as chicken anaemia virus (CAV), which belongs to family Circoviridae that is classified under genus Gyrovirus. The genome contains single-stranded, negative-sense, circular DNA, which consists of 2300 nucleotides. Chicken is the only host for CAV and the disease is transmitted by vertical and horizontal routes. The disease is commonly noticed in 3 weeks of age. CAV is relatively tolerant to commonly used chemical disinfectants and also found resistant of exposure to pH 3, lipid solvents like ether or chloroform and not inactivated by heating at 70 °C for 1 h. Hence, it makes the virus extremely difficult to eradicate from commercial poultry facilities. The characteristics consist of weakness, retarded growth, gangrenous dermatitis, atrophy of thymus and bone marrow leading to severe anaemia and immunosuppression. The economic loss occurs mainly due to vaccine failures, secondary complications and subclinical disease. Laboratory diagnosis of CAV can be achieved by the demonstration of CAV antibody or antigens by paired sera sampling, ELISA test and polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR). The virus could be isolated by using yolk sac route in embryonated chicken eggs, in MDCC-MSB1 cells or in SPF chicks. Since CAV is highly resistant, adaptation of stringent biosecurity measures is required to control the infection. Apart from biosecurity, keeping the other immunosuppressive viral diseases under control by proper vaccination is also required. The breeders should be vaccinated between 8 and 16 weeks of age with a live vaccine; MDA titre of >8 log2 is required to limit the vertical transmission.

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Acknowledgements

All the authors of the manuscript thank and acknowledge their respective universities and institutes.

Conflict of Interest

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory, Veterinary College and Research Institute Campus, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Namakkal, India

    V. Gowthaman

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  1. V. Gowthaman
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Yashpal Singh Malik

  2. ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Raj Kumar Singh

  3. ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, India

    Mahendra Pal Yadav

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Gowthaman, V. (2019). Chicken Infectious Anaemia Virus. In: Malik, Y., Singh, R., Yadav, M. (eds) Recent Advances in Animal Virology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9073-9_11

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