Abstract
There are a few important sources of human civilization in the world, such as ancient Egypt, India, Babylon, Greece, China, etc.; these early civilizations formed their own values and modes of thinking, so differently from one another due to their different geographical locations and ethnicities that people are used to describing the traits of a civilization from a comparative perspective. There is however one thing they all agree on, that is, Chinese civilization is one of the few civilizations in the world that have never been disrupted. It is probably because of this historical continuity that the Chinese mind has displayed a consistency in its problematics and inquisitive approaches, which is hardly found in other civilizations in the world.
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Notes
- 1.
Guowei Wang, “Yin Zhou zhidu lun,” in Chunsong Gan, et al., eds., Wang Guowei xueshu jingdian ji, Vol. 2, Nanchang: Jiangxi People’s Publishing House, 1997, p. 128.
- 2.
Lai Chen, Gudai sixiang wenhua de shijie, Beijing: SDX Joint Publishing Company, 2002, pp. 9–10.
- 3.
A. C. Graham’s translation; see “Below in the empire,” in Chuang-tz’u: The Seven Chapters and other writings from the book Chuang-tz’u, tr. A. C. Graham, London: George Allen and Unwin, 1981, p. 275. (Yu)
- 4.
Translation of san tong and san zheng is Michael Loewe’s; see his Zhongshu Dong, pp. 295n, 324. Cf. Three sequences in Feng Yu-lan, op. cit., p. 64. (Yu)
- 5.
English translation is Cary F. Baynes’s, in I Ching or Book of Changes, the Richard Wilhelm translation, London: Penguin Books, 2003, p. 495. (Yu)
- 6.
The translation of mingshi is Paul W. Kroll’s; see his A Student’s Dictionary of Classical and Medieval Chinese, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2015, p. 309. (Yu)
- 7.
Ibid. (Yu)
- 8.
Cf. Wing-tsit Chan, A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy, translated and compiled by Wing-tsit Chan, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963, p. 232. (Yu)
- 9.
D. C. Lau’s translation amended. (Yu)
- 10.
The chapter title of the Annals of Lü Buwei is from The Annals of Lü Buwei, a complete translation and study by John Knoblock and Jeffrey Riegel, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010, p. 433. (Yu)
- 11.
Translation is Harold Roth and Sarah Queen’s. See Sources of Chinese Tradition, From Earliest Times to 1600, p. 279. (Yu)
- 12.
Mu Qian, “Kongzi yu Chunqiu,” in Liang Hanjingxue jin gu wen pingyi, Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2001, p. 281.
- 13.
Baoxuan Wang, “Jin gu wen jingxue zhi zheng jiqi yiyi,” included in Guanghui Jiang, ed., Zhongguo jingxue sixiang shi, Vol. 2, Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, 2003, p. 554.
- 14.
Baoxuan Wang, Jin gu wen jingxue xinlun, Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, 1997, p. 72.
- 15.
The Analects, 5.13, “Zigong said, ‘One can get to hear about the Master’s accomplishments, but one cannot get to hear his views on human nature and the Way of Heaven.’” (Yu)
- 16.
Cf. Richard John Lynn’s discussion in A New Translation of the Tao-de ching of Laozi as Interpreted by Bi Wang, tr. Richard John Lynn, New York: Columbia University Press, 1999, p. 13. (Yu)
- 17.
A New Account of Tales of the World, by Liu I-ch’ing, translated with introduction and notes by Richard B. Mather, 4.8, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1976, p. 96. (Yu)
- 18.
Translation is James Hightower’s, op. cit., p. 130. (Yu)
- 19.
Dunkang Yu, Wei Jin xuanxue shi, Beijing: Peking University Press, 2004, p. 6.
- 20.
Translation is Kenneth K. S. Chen’s. See his Buddhism in China: A Historical Survey, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964, p. 68. (Yu)
- 21.
Hong Yuan, Hou Han ji.
- 22.
Cf. Kenneth Chen, op. cit, p. 60. (Yu)
- 23.
Yongtong Tang, “Zhongguo fojiao ling pian,” included in his Lixue, Foxue, xuanxue, Beijing: Peking University Press, 1991, p. 244.
- 24.
Refer to Zhonghang Zhang, Chan wai shuo chan, Harbin: Heilongjiang People’s Publishing House, 1991, pp. 82–85.
- 25.
Kenneth Chen’s, op. cit., p. 311. (Yu)
- 26.
Kenneth Chen’s, op. cit., p. 355. (Yu)
- 27.
Translation, with adjustments made to align with the text in question, is Charles Hartman’s, in Sources of Chinese Tradition, Vol. 1, p. 572. (Yu)
- 28.
Charles Hartman’s translation, op. cit., p. 573. (Yu)
- 29.
Translation is Wing-tsit Chan’s. See his A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy, p. 500. (Yu)
- 30.
Translation is W. T. de Bary’s. See The Sources of Chinese Tradition, p. 845. (Yu)
- 31.
James Legge’s translation. (Yu)
- 32.
Chen Lai, Quanshi yu chongjian: Wang Chuanshan de zhexue jingshen, Beijing: Peking University Press, 2004, p. 16.
- 33.
Translation is Wing-tsit Chan’s. See his A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy, p. 709. (Yu)
- 34.
Fu Yan, “Lun shibian zhi ji,” included in Shi Wang, ed., Yan Fu ji, Vol. 1, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1986, p. 1.
- 35.
Translation from Ssu-yü Teng, John K. Fairbank, et al., China’s Response to the West, a documentary survey 1839–1923, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961, p. 164. (Yu)
- 36.
Translation from Ssu-yü Teng, op. cit. p. 169 (Exhortation to Study). (Yu)
- 37.
Ibid. (Yu)
- 38.
Shi Wang, ed., Yan Fu ji, Vol. 4, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1986, pp. 1028, 1047.
- 39.
Chunsong Gan, et al., eds., Wang Guowei xueshu jingdian ji, Vol. 1, Nanchang: Jiangxi People’s Publishing House, 1997, p. 95.
- 40.
Guowei Wang, “Xixu 2,” included in Chunsong Gan, et al., eds., Wang Guowei xueshu jingdian ji, Nanchang: Jiangxi People’s Publishing House, 1997, p. 5.
- 41.
Mou Zongsan, Zhongguo zhexue de tezhi, Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House, 1997, p. 6.
- 42.
Zehou Li, Zhongguo gudai sixiang shi lun, Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 1986, pp. 305–306.
- 43.
Dainian Zhang, “Zhongguo gudai zhexue de jiben tedian,” Academic Monthly, no. 9, 1983.
- 44.
Zongsan Mou, Zhongguo zhexue de tezhi, Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House, 1997, p. 11.
- 45.
Translation is Fusan Zhao’s, in Youlan Feng, A Short History of Chinese Philosophy, tr. Fusan Zhao, Tianjin: Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences Press, 2007, p. 12. (Yu; Cf. Derk Bodde’s 1948 translation) Author’s note: Youlan Feng, Zhongguo zhexue jianshi, New World Press, 2004, p. 7.
- 46.
Graham, Chuang-tzǔ, p. 275. (Yu)
- 47.
Dunkang Yu, Wei Jin xuanxue shi, Beijing: Peking University Press, 2004, pp. 287–288.
- 48.
Graham, Chuang-tzǔ, p. 149. (Yu)
- 49.
I Ching, p. 383. (Yu)
- 50.
Translation is Sara A. Queen’s. See Luxuriant Gems, p. 436. (Yu)
- 51.
Er Cheng Yulu, sect. 18.
- 52.
Ibid.
- 53.
Dunkang Yu, “Xia Shang Zhou sandai zongjia: Zhongguo zhexue sixiang fasheng de yuantou,” included in Guanghui Jiang, ed., Zhongguo zhexue, Vol. 24, Shenyang: Liaoning Education Press, 2002, p. 10.
- 54.
Dainian Zhang, Zhongguo zhexue dagang, Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, 1982, p. 7.
- 55.
Chan, A Source Book, p. 509. (Yu)
- 56.
Cf. Ira E. Kasoff, The Thought of Chang Tsai (1020–1077), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, pp. 89–90; also Sources of Chinese Tradition, Vol. 1, p. 699. (Yu)
- 57.
Xi Zhu, Zhuzi yulei, Vol. 30.
- 58.
Translation, with adjustments, is Wing-tsit Chan’s, in his Instructions for Practical Living and Other Neo-Confucian Writings by Wang Yang-ming, New York: Columbia University Press, 1964, p. 228. (Yu)
- 59.
Translation is Graham’s, op. cit., p. 190. Cf. Victor H. Mair’s “a fish-trap” for quan, in his Wandering on the Way: Early Taoist Tales and Parables of Chuang Tzu, Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1994, p. 276. (Yu)
- 60.
I Ching, p. 322. (Yu)
- 61.
Translation is Richard John Lynn’s. See Sources, Vol. 1, p. 379. (Yu)
- 62.
Yishu, Vol. 18.
- 63.
Zhuzi yulei, Vol. 5.
- 64.
Zhuzi yulei, Vol. 14.
- 65.
Translation is Wing-tsit Chan’s. See Instructions for Practical Living and Other Neo-Confucian Writings by Wang Yang-ming, translated, with notes, by Wing-tsit Chan, New York: Columbia University Press, 1964, p. 201. (Yu)
- 66.
Translation is Fusan Zhao’s. See Youlan Feng, A Short History of Chinese Philosophy, tr. Fusan Zhao, p. 8. (Yu) Author’s note: Youlan Feng, Zhongguo zhexue shi, New World Press, 2004, p. 5.
- 67.
Shuming Liang, Zhongguo wenhua yaoyi, Beijing: Xuelin chubanshe, 1987, pp. 108–109.
- 68.
Qingkun Yang, “Rujia sixiang yu Zhongguo zongjia zhijian de gongneng guanxi,” included in Yang Liansheng, et al., Zhongguo sixiang yu zhidu lun ji, Taipei: Linking Publishing Co., Ltd., 1976, p. 336.
- 69.
Youwei Kang, “Kong jiao hui xu,” included in Jiang Yihua, et al., eds., Youwei Kang quanji, Vol. 9, Beijing: China Renmin University Press, 2007, p. 346.
- 70.
Youwei Kang, “Kong jiao hui xu,” included in Jiang Yihua, et al., eds., Youwei Kang quanji, Vol. 9, Beijing: China Renmin University Press, 2007, p. 346.
- 71.
Zhong is sometimes translated to centrality; see, for instance, Tu Wei-ming, The Insight of Chung-yung, Beijing: Renmin chuban she, 2008, pp. 2, 16. (Yu)
- 72.
Yishu, Vol. 3.
- 73.
“Yuandao,” in Wen shi tongyi.
- 74.
Cf. Sarah A. Queen, op. cit., 36.1, p. 354. (Yu)
- 75.
Cf. Wing-tsit Chan, A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy, p. 451. (Yu)
- 76.
Zhuzi yulei, Vol. 59.
- 77.
Zhuzi yulei, Vol. 5.
- 78.
Translation is Wing-tsit Chan’s, in his Instructions for Practical Living and Other Neo-Confucian Writings by Wang Yang-ming, p. 76. (Yu)
- 79.
Lai Chen, You wu zhi jing: Yangming Wang zhexue de jingshen, Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 1991, p. 5.
- 80.
Translation amended. (Yu)
- 81.
These refer to (Shishuo xinyu 23, Liu Ling) (14) (Yu)
- 82.
Zai Zhang, “Zhangzi yulu zhong,” in Zhang Zai ji, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1978, p. 320.
- 83.
Translation is Adele Austin Rickett’s, with amendments. See Renjian cihua, tr. Adele Austin Rickett, Nanjing: Yilin Press, 2009, p. 27. Jingjie is left untranslated in most cases in Rickett’s English version, and sometimes is translated as state; it is translated as the world by James J. Y. Liu and Joey Bonner. See Joey Bonner, Wang Kuo-wei: An Intellectual Biography, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986, p. 127. (Yu)
- 84.
Youlan Feng, Xin yuanren, included in Minguo congshu, series 5, Shanghai: Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House, 1996, p. 31.
- 85.
For the translation of the six arts, I have followed Robert P. Kramers in The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 1, p. 747, n. 1. (Yu)
- 86.
Translation amended. (Yu)
- 87.
Herbert Fingarette, Confucius---the Secular as Sacred, New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1972, p. 16. (Yu)
- 88.
Translation is E. Bruce Brooks and A. Taeko Brooks’s in The Original Analects: Sayings of Confucius and His Successors, a new translation and commentary by E. Bruce Brooks and A Taeko Brooks, New York: Columbia University Press, 1998, p. 149. (Yu)
- 89.
Bruce Brooks’s, ibid. (Yu)
- 90.
Translation is Sarah A. Queen and John S. Major’s, in The Huainanzi: A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Government in Early Han China, Liu An, King of Huainan, translated and edited by John S. Major, Sarah A. Queen, Andrew Seth Meyer, and Harold D. Roth, with additional contributions by Michael Puett and Judson Murray, New York: Columbia University Press, 2010, 20.22, p. 818. (Yu)
- 91.
Translation is Y. P. Mei’s, 1929; cf. other translations: Wang Hong 2006, Cyrus Lee 2009, Ian Johnston 2010. (Yu)
- 92.
For the translation Watson has been mostly followed. See Mo Tzu: Basic Writings, tr. Burton Watson, New York: Columbia University Press, 1963. (Yu)
- 93.
Translation is Cyrus Lee’s, in The Complete Works of Motzu in English, Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2009, p. 236. (Yu)
- 94.
See Zhaoguang Ge, Zhongguo sixiang shi, vol. 1, Shanghai: Fudan University Press, 1998, pp. 216–217. Translation is Michael S. Duke and Josephine Chiu-Duke’s, in Zhaoguang Ge, An Intellectual History of China, Vol. 1, tr. Michael S. Duke and Josephine Chiu-Duke, Leiden: Brill, 2014, p. 160. (Yu)
- 95.
Cf. Fuchen Hu, Wei Jin shenxian daojiao, Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 1989, pp. 7–8.
- 96.
Cf. Alchemy, Medicine, Religion in the China of A. D. 320: The Nei P’ien of Ko Hung (Pao-p’u tzu), tr. James R. Ware, Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1966, p. 39. (Yu)
- 97.
Translation, with amendments, is J. J. L. Duyvendak’s, in The Book of Lord Shang, tr. J. J. L. Duyvendak, online sources. (Yu)
- 98.
Shenzi, chapter Dati, cited in Qunshu zhiyao.
- 99.
For the difference in translation, refer to Han Feizi, p. 199, n. 1. (Yu)
- 100.
Translation is Harold Roth and Sarah Queen’s, in Sources of Chinese Tradition, Vol. 1, p. 281. (Yu)
- 101.
Yinque Chen, “Youlan Feng Zhongguo zhexue shi xiace shencha baogao,” included in Chen Yinque shixue lunwen xuanji, Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House, 1992, p. 511.
- 102.
Translation is Michael S. Duke and Josephine Chiu-Duke’s, in Zhaoguang Ge, An Intellectual History of China, Vol. 1, pp. 162–163. (Yu)
- 103.
The chapter title is from The Annals of Lü Buwei, a complete translation and study by John Knoblock and Jeffrey Riegel, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010, p. 282. (Yu)
- 104.
Translation is Harold Roth and Sarah Queen’s, in Sources of Chinese Tradition, Vol. 1, pp. 278–281. (Yu)
- 105.
Siguang Lao, Xin bian Zhongguo zhexue shi, Vol. 1, Nanning: Guangxi Normal University Press, 2005, p. 288.
- 106.
Translation is A. C. Graham’s, in his Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China, La Salle, Illinois: Open Court, 1989, p. 85. (Yu)
- 107.
Translation is A. C. Graham’s, in his Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China, La Salle, Illinois: Open Court, 1989, p. 91. (Yu)
- 108.
Refer to Litian Fang, Zhongguo fojiao zhexue yaoyi, Beijing: China Renmin University Press, 2002, pp. 32–54.
- 109.
Cf. Kenneth Ch’en, op. cit., 1964, p. 68. (Yu)
- 110.
Cf. Kenneth Ch’en, op. cit., pp. 320–322. (Yu)
- 111.
Translation is D. T. Suzuki’s, in Kenneth Ch’en, op. cit., 1964, p. 321. (Yu)
- 112.
Xuezhao Wu, Wu Mi yu Chen Yinque, Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 1992, p. 10.
References
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Gan, C. (2019). Thought and Beliefs. In: A Concise Reader of Chinese Culture. China Insights. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8867-5_3
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