Chinese Foreign-Policy Actors in Africa

Duggan, Niall

doi:10.1007/978-981-13-8813-2_6

Niall Duggan⁴

Part of the book series: Governing China in the 21st Century ((GC21))

355 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter examines the actions of Chinese foreign-policy actors in Africa and has two aims: The first is to give an overview of China’s actions in Africa. The second is to identify the actors within the Chinese foreign-policy process whose actions have created the greatest source of discourse. To achieve these aims, the chapter is divided into two sections: The first outlines the historic development of Sino-African relations, illustrating the main events that have contributed to the current status. The second section outlines the current status of Sino-African relations. It highlights where different actors involved in the Chinese foreign-policy-making process have undertaken actions in Africa. The actors whose actions have created high levels of discourse will then be deemed to be the key actors in the Chinese foreign-policy-making process in terms of Sino-African relations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

eBook: USD 16.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Softcover Book: USD 119.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Hardcover Book: USD 119.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

1.
Africa refers to the nations both North and South of the Sahara. Although the PRC’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs includes Maghreb and Machrek in the Western Asia category, the current analysis also covers North African countries for two reasons. First, all North African countries are member states of the African Union (A U). Second, and most important, the same patterns of the PRC’s actions are observable North and South of the Sahara, to some extent.
2.
Interview, South Africa, 2015.
3.
Interview, Shanghai, 2016.
4.
Interview, South Africa, 2015.
5.
Interview, South Africa, 2015.
6.
Interview conducted with African-owned investment company, Montreux, Switzerland, 2009.
7.
Nigeria Trade Office in Taiwan and the Liaison Office of South Africa.
8.
Interview with Chinese foreign trade official, Dublin, 2009, 2017.
9.
Interview conducted with former member of the Foreign Affairs Ministry of the Republic of the Congo, Montreux, Switzerland, 2009 and 2014.
10.
Interview Shanghai 2017.

References

Abdalla AA (2006) The Political Economy of relations between Sudan and China. In: Le Pere G (ed) China in Africa Mercantilist Predator or Partner in Development, The South African Institute of International Affairs & Midrand. The Institute for Global Dialogue, Johannesburg, pp 172–186
Google Scholar
Africa Research Bulletin (2007) Africa–China Military Agreements. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Bognor Regis
Google Scholar
Aidoo R, Hess S (2015) Non-interference 2.0: China’s Evolving Foreign Policy Towards a Changing Africa. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 44(1):107–139
Google Scholar
Alden C (2007) China in Africa. Zed Books, London
Google Scholar
Alden C, Alves AC (2009) China and Africa’s Natural Resources: The Challenges and Implications for Development and Governance. Governance of Africa’s Resources Programme, SAIIA Occasional Paper No. 41
Google Scholar
Alves AC (2010) A Brief Analysis of China’s Oil Interests in Angola. The China Monitor 54:4–10
Google Scholar
Amnesty International (2006) People’s Republic of China, Sustaining Conflict and Human Rights Abuses the Flow of Arms Accelerates. Amnesty International
Google Scholar
Anderson S (2010) Secret Handshake. http://www.ftmandate.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/2303/Secret__handshake.html. Accessed 20 March 2011
Aning K, Lecoutre D (2008) China’s Ventures in Africa. African Security Review 17(1):39–50
Google Scholar
Bosshard P (2008) China’s Environmental Footprint in Africa. China in Africa Project of the SA Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA)
Google Scholar
Bräutigam D (2008) China’s Foreign Aid in Africa: What do We Know? In: Rotberg RI (ed) China into Africa, Trade AID, and Influence. Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp 197–216
Google Scholar
Bräutigam D (2009) The Dragon’s Gift, the Real Story of China in Africa. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Google Scholar
British Petroleum (2003) BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2003. British Petroleum, London
Google Scholar
Cai J 2017 Chinese Firms Expand Reach in Africa Amid Fears of ‘New Colonialism’ South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2100729/chinese-firms-revenues-africa-could-reach-us440-billion. Accessed 1 February 2019
Chan-Fishel M, Lawson R (2007) Bankrolling the Going out Strategy: China’s Financing of African Aid and Trade and Implications for African Debt and Development. In: Kitissou M (ed) Africa in China’s Global Strategy. Adonis and Abbey, London, pp 108–131
Google Scholar
Chang Y (2006) Ministry Regrets Diplomatic Break. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2006/08/07/2003322148. Accessed 20 March 2011
Chen G, He J (2008) Zhōngguó zài fēizhōu shíxiàn jūnshì cúnzài de kěnéng xìng yǔ lùjìng [The Probability and means of China Achieving a Military Existence in Africa]. http://www.zaobao.com/special/forum/pages6/forum_lx081021d.shtml. Accessed 21 January 2016
Chen Z, Jian J (2009) Chinese Provinces as Foreign Policy Actors in Africa, China in Africa Programme South African Institute of International Affairs, Occasional Paper, No. 22
Google Scholar
Chexim (2009) Annual Report 2009, Exaimbank. http://english.eximbank.gov.cn/annual/2009/2009nb39.shtml. Accessed 10 May 2010
Chigora P, Chisi TH (2009) The Eight Years of Interaction: Lessons from Zimbabwe’s Look East Policy and the Future of African Countries and Asia-Pacific Region. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa 10(4):147–161
Google Scholar
China Daily (2007), China Mobile Seeks to Tap Africa. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-04/24/content_858201.htm. Accessed 21 January 2019
China Development Bank (2011) CAD-Fund. http://www.cdb.com.cn/english/Column.asp?ColumnId=176. Accessed 21 January 2019
Chinamining.org (2010) China, South Africa Sign Deals to Deepen Ties in Resources, Energy, Chinamining.org. http://www.chinamining.org/News/2010-08-25/1282703259d38566.html
Chinamining.org (2011) China Nonferrous Makes Headway in Finalization of Mulyashi Pit Mine in Zambia. http://www.chinamining.org/Investment/2011-06-15/1308115977d46690.html. Accessed 21 January 2019
China.org.cn (2003) Cultural Exchange between China and Africa. http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/China-Africa/82031.htm. Accessed 21 January 2019
Chinese Culture Center (2011) Chinese Culture Centre Abroad. http://www.chinaculture.org/focus/2009-03/16/content_323838.htm. Accessed 21 January 2019
Choucri N (1969) The Nonalignment of Afro-Asian States: Policy, Perception, and Behaviour. Canadian Journal of Political Science 2(1):1–17
Google Scholar
Control Arms Campaign (2006) Arms Without Borders. The International Action Network on Small Arms, Oxfam
Google Scholar
Corkin L (2008a) China’s Strategic Infrastructural Investments in Africa. In: Guerrero DG, Manji F (eds) China’s New Role in Africa and the South. A Search for a New Perspective. Fahamu, Nairobi, pp 134–150
Google Scholar
Corkin L (2008b) All’s Fair in Loans and War: The Development of China-Angola Relation. In: Ampiah K, Naidu S (eds) Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon? University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, Scottsville, pp 108–123
Google Scholar
Davies MJ (2008) How China Delivers Development Assistance to Africa. Centre for Chinese Studies, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch
Google Scholar
Davies P (2007) China and the End of Poverty in Africa—Towards Mutual Benefit? Diakonia, Sundbyberg
Google Scholar
Democratic Progressive Party (1999) White Paper on Foreign Policy for the 21st. http://www.taiwandocuments.org/dpp02.htm. Accessed 21 January 2016
Downs ES (2007) The Fact and Fiction of Sino-African Energy Relations. China Security 3(3):42–68
Google Scholar
Duggan N (2015) China’s Changing Role in Its All-Weather Friendship with Africa. In: Harnisch S, Bersick S, Gottwald JC (eds) China’s International Roles: Challenging or Supporting International Order? Routledge, London
Google Scholar
Duggan N (2017) China’s New Intervention Policy: China’s Peacekeeping Mission to Mali. In: Alden C, Alao A, Zhang C, Barber L (eds) China and Africa: Building Peace and Security Cooperation on the Continent. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke
Google Scholar
Dugger CW (2008) Zimbabwe Arms Shipped by China Spark an Uproar. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/19/world/africa/19zimbabwe.html?_r=1. Accessed 21 January 2016
El Alami F (2008) Chinese Policy in Africa: Stakes, Strategy and Implications. U.S. Army War College, Carlisle, PA
Google Scholar
Energy Information Administration (2006) China Energy Data, Statistics and Analysis—Oil, Gas, Electricity, Coal. http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/China/pdf.pdf. Accessed 21 January 2016
Ernst and Young (2017) EY’s Attractiveness Program Africa. http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/ey-attractiveness-program-africa-2017-connectivity-redefined-france/$FILE/ey-attractiveness-program-africa-2017-connectivity-redefined.pdf. Accessed 21 January 2019
Feingold RD, Sununu JE, Obama B, Voinovich GV, Webb J (2007) Topic 2: China’s Growing Charm Offense in Africa, 2007 Model Senate Foreign Relations Committee Hearings Simulation Subcommittee on African Affairs
Google Scholar
Fijałkowski L (2011) China’s ‘Soft Power’ in Africa? Journal of Contemporary African Studies 29(2):223–232
Google Scholar
Ford N (2006) China and Africa Tie the Knot. http://www.africasia.com/africanbusiness/ab.php?ID=1100&back_month=64. Accessed 21 January 2016
Forum on China Cooperation (2006) Forum on China-Africa Cooperation Beijing Action Plan (2007–2009). http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/zflt/eng/zyzl/hywj/t280369.htm. Accessed 21 January 2016
Foster V, Butterfield Chuan W, Pushak N (2009) Building Bridges China’s Growing Role as Infrastructure Financier for Sub-Saharan Africa. The World Bank, Washington, DC
Google Scholar
Gao J (1984) China and Africa: The Development of Relations Over Many Centuries. African Affairs 83(331):241–250
Google Scholar
Gill B, Chin-hao H, Morrison, JS (2007) Assessing China’s Growing Influence in Africa. China Security 3(3):3–21
Google Scholar
Gill B, Yanzhong H (2006) Sources and Limits of Chinese Soft Power. Survival 48(2):17–36
Google Scholar
Gondwe K (2007) Zambia to have Chinese-built Stadium. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/7000480.stm. Accessed 21 January 2016
Guoli L (2003) Leadership Transition and Chinese Foreign Policy. Journal of Chinese Political Science 8(1–2):101–117
Google Scholar
Gurtov M (1993) Swords Into Markets Shares: China’s Conversion of Military Industry to Civilian Production. The China Quarterly 134:213–241
Google Scholar
Hanban (2019) Guānyú wǒmen [About Us]. http://www.hanban.org/hb/. Accessed 21 January 2016
Hanson AJ, Martin C (2006) One Lifeboat, China and the worlds Environment and Development. China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development, International Institute for Sustainable Development
Google Scholar
IEA (2018) The World Energy Outlook 2018 International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/weo2018/. Accessed 21 January 2016
Ilhéu F (2010) The Role of China in the Portuguese Speaking African Countries: The Case of Mozambique, Documentos De Trabalho No 84 CEsA
Google Scholar
Ismael TY (1971) The People’s Republic of China and Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies 9(4):507–529
Google Scholar
Jackson SF (1995) China’s Third World Foreign Policy: The Case of Angola and Mozambique, 1961–93. The China Quarterly 142:388–422
Google Scholar
Jin Z (2004) Catch-up and Competitiveness in China: The Case of Large Firms in the Oil Industry. Routledge, London
Google Scholar
Joong SK, Wei L (2016) Chinese Imports: What’s Behind the Slowdown? IMF Working Papers 16(106):1–31
Google Scholar
Kang-Yin D, Ren-Jin S, Hui L, Hong-Dian J (2017) A Review of China’s Energy Consumption Structure and Outlook based on a Long-range Energy Alternatives Modeling Tool. Petroleum Science 14(1):214–227
Google Scholar
Konings P (2007) China and Africa: Building a Strategic Partnership. Journal of Developing Societies 23(3):341–367
Google Scholar
Kurlantzick J (2006) Beijing’s Safari: China’s Move into Africa and Its Implications for Aid, Development, and Governance. Carnegie Endowment For international Peace, Washington, DC
Google Scholar
Kurlantzick J (2007) Charm Offensive, How China’s Soft Power is Transforming the World. Yale University Press, New Haven
Google Scholar
Larkin BD (1971) China and Africa 1949–1970: The Foreign Policy of the People’s Republic of China. University of California Press, Berkeley
Google Scholar
Le Pere G, Shelton G (2007) China, Africa and South Africa, South-South Co-operation in a Global Era. Institute for Global Dialogue, Midrand, South Africa
Google Scholar
Li A (2005) African Studies in China in the Twentieth Century: A Historiographical Survey. African Studies Review 48(1):59–87
Google Scholar
Li A (2007) China and Africa: Policy and Challenges. China Security 3(3):69–93
Google Scholar
Li M (2008) China Debates Soft Power. The Chinese Journal of International Politics 2(2):287–308
Google Scholar
Long Z, Sovacool BK, Jing ZR, Ely A (2017) The Dragon awakens: Innovation, Competition, and Transition in the Energy Strategy of the People’s Republic of China, 1949–2017. Energy Policy 108:634–644
Google Scholar
Lu T (2002) Review of Sino-African Friendly Relations. Beijing Review 9:7–9
Google Scholar
Lusaka Times (2010) Chinese Shoot and Injure 11 at Collum Coal Mine. http://www.lusakatimes.com/2010/10/15/chinese-shoot-injure-11-collum-coal/. Accessed 13 January 2013
May R, Massey S (2007) Chad: Politics and Security Writenet. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/46384ed12.pdf. Accessed 13 January 2013
McGregor R (2006) Sino-African Summit Ends with Swipe at Critics. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/87c3e430-6cf1-11db-9a4d-0000779e2340.html?nclick_check=1. Accessed 13 March 2018
Medeiros E, Cliff R, Crane K, Mulvenon JC (2005) A New Direction for China’s Defense Industry. Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, pp 4–11
Google Scholar
Medeiros ES, Gill B (2000) Chinese Arms Exports: Policy, Players, and Process. Strategic Studies Institute, Army War College
Google Scholar
Meidan M (2006) China’s Africa Policy: Business Now, Politics Later. Asian Perspective 30(4):69–93
Google Scholar
Men H (2007) Zhongguo: Ruanshili fanglue (China’s Soft Power Strategy). Zhejiang People’s Publishing House, Hangzhou
Google Scholar
Mercer P (2007) Chinese Rivals Grapple for Pacific. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6525747.stm. Accessed 13 March 2018
MFA (2004) The First Ministerial Conference of FOCAC. http://www.focac.org/eng/gylt/dyjbzhy/t157577.htm. Accessed 13 March 2009
MFA (2006) Africa-China Relations Move to a Higher Pedestal. Chinese Embassy in South Africa. http://www.chineseembassy.org.za/eng/zt/thirdeye/t281311.htm. Accessed 28 January 2010
MFA (2009) Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Jiang Yu’s Regular Press Conference on January 13, 2009. http://www.china-un.org/eng/fyrth/t532087.htm. Accessed 13 March 2018
MFA (2010a) Chinese Firms Told to Invest More in Africa. http://www.focac.org/eng/zxxx/t705585.htm. Accessed 16 March 2014
MFA (2010b) China-Africa Cultural Exchanges in Full Bloom and Splendor. http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/t696109.htm. Accessed 10 March 2016
MFA (2010c) Time Magazine Interview with Mr. Lu Shaye, Director-General of Department of African Affairs. http://www.focac.org/eng/jlydh/t755832.htm. Accessed 10 March 2016
MFA (2010d) China’s Aid to Africa is More about Teaching to Fish that Giving a Fish. focac.org. http://www.focac.org/eng/mtsy/t720692.htm. Accessed 20 May 2010
MFA (2011a) Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Jiang YU’s Regular Press Conference on May 26, 2011. http://www.chinaembassy.lt/eng/fyrth/t826007.htm. Accessed 05 March 2016
MFA (2011b) China Africa Union Vow to Advance Ties. http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/zzjw/t834043.htm. Accessed 10 May 2016
MFA (2011c) Gabonese President Bongo Meets with Yang Jiechi. http://www.chinaembassy.nl/eng/zgyw/t794774.htm. Accessed 10 May 2016
MFA (2011d) Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei’s Regular Press Conference on June 30, 2011. http://na.chineseembassy.org/eng/fyrth/t836598.htm. Accessed 10 May 2016
MFA (2011e) Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi Holds Talks with Foreign Minister of the Republic of Congo Ikouebe. http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/t830456.htm. Accessed 10 May 2016
MFA (2011f) Presidents of China, SADC Meet on Stronger Ties. http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/t828274.htm. Accessed 10 May 2016
MFA (2011g) The Secretariat of the Chinese Follow-up Committee of Forum on China-Africa Cooperation Holds Consultations with African Diplomatic Envoys to China, MFA. http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zxxx/t833939.htm. Accessed 10 May 2016
MFA (2011h) US Newsweek Interview with MR. Lu Shaye, Director-General of Department of African Affairs. http://rw.china-embassy.org/eng/xwdt/t825152.htm. Accessed 10 May 2016
MFA Liberia (2011) Assistant Foreign Minister for Public Affairs Hon. J. Wesley Washington and Two Other Attend ‘Professional Seminar for Diplomats. http://www.mofa.gov.lr/press.php?news_id=353. Accessed 10 May 2016
MFA Republic of China (2019) Africa. https://www.mofa.gov.tw/en/CountryAreaInfoEn.aspx?CASN=D33B55D537402BAA&n=A8786101F572553D&sms=A76B7230ADF29736. Accessed 13 January 2019
Ministry of Economic Affairs, Republic of China (2019) Overseas Offices. https://www.moea.gov.tw/Mns/english/introduction/OrganizationList.aspx?menu_id=195#b4. Accessed 13 January 2019
Ministry of Finance & Economic Planning Republic of Ghana (2011) Ghana-China Exim Bank Sign Financing Agreement for Bui Dam Project. http://www.mofep.gov.gh/china_exim_sign.cfm. Accessed 10 December 2013
MOFCOM (2006a) African Accounts for 30 Percent of China Oil Imports. http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/subject/focac/lanmub/200611/20061103593854.html. Accessed 20 May 2011
MOFCOM (2006b) Beijing Declaration of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (Full Text). http://gh2.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/chinanews/200611/20061103649493.html. Accessed 20 May 2011
MOFCOM (2016) Africa can Benefit from China Policy. http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/newsrelease/counselorsoffice/westernasiaandafricareport/201601/20160101228062.shtml. Accessed 5 May 2014
Mohan G, Kale D (2007) The Invisible Hand of South-South Globalisation: Chinese Migrants in Africa. Report for the Rockefeller Foundation prepared by the Development Policy and Practice Department, The Open University
Google Scholar
Moyo D (2009) Dead Aid. Why and is Not Working and How There is a Better Way for Africa. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York
Google Scholar
Mthembu-Salter G (2008) Price Power: China’s Role in the Telecommunications Sector of the Democratic Republic of Congo China in Africa Policy Reports, South African Institute of International Affairs
Google Scholar
Nayyar G (2009) China’s Export Control System and the Role of MOFCOM. SASSI, London
Google Scholar
Nieuwoudt S (2009) Pros and Cons to Huge Chinese Investment in DRC. http://ipsnews.net/africa/nota.asp?idnews=49031. Accessed 12 May 2010
Nye J (1990) Soft Power. Foreign Policy 80:153–171
Google Scholar
Obaji Ori K (2009a) Algeria: Xenophobia against Chinese on the Rise in Africa, Ethiopia and Zambia have Also Seen a Rise in Anti-Chinese Sentiments. http://en.afrik.com/article16008.html. Accessed 12 May 2010
Obaji Ori K (2009b) Algeria: Xenophobia against Chinese on the Rise in Africa, Ethiopia and Zambia have Also Seen a Rise in Anti-Chinese Sentiments. http://en.afrik.com/article16008.html. Accessed 12 May 2010
OECD (2018) Is It ODA? OECD. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/21/21/34086975.pdf. Accessed 12 June 2010
Oriental Morning Post (2010) Chinese Ministry of Commerce Defends China’s Investment in Africa. http://www.focac.org/eng/zxxx/t695326.htm. Accessed 12 June 2015
People Daily (2004) Culture Minister on China’s Foreign Exchange. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200412/21/eng20041221_168135.html. Accessed 29 October 2015
People Daily (2006) China to Open More Confucius Institutes in Africa to Meet Demands. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200606/21/eng20060621_275830.html. Accessed 29 October 2015
People’s Daily Online (2010a) China Development Bank Seeks to Offer Better Financial Service to Africa. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/7201300.html. Accessed 29 October 2015
People’s Daily Online (2010b) Africa Labour Abuse Denied. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90778/90860/7204441.html. Accessed 29 October 2015
Polgreen L (2009) As Chinese Investment in Africa Drops, Hope Sinks. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/26/world/africa/26chinaafrica.html?_r=2&th&emc=th. Accessed 29 May 2016
Ponniah K (2017) Taiwan: How China is Poaching the Island’s Diplomatic Allies. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-40263581. Accessed 29 May 2018
Raine S (2009) China African Challenges. Routledge, London
Google Scholar
Ramo JC (2004) The Beijing Consensus. The Foreign Policy Centre, London
Google Scholar
Ran D, Liang S (2011) China, Africa Strengthening Cooperation in Global Affairs: Chinese Envoy. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-01/29/c_13712711.htm. Accessed 21 January 2016
Reilly J, Wu N (2007) China’s Corporate Engagement in Africa. In: Kitissou M (ed) Africa in China’s Global Strategy Adonis and Abbey, London, pp 132–155
Google Scholar
Rice X (2011) China’s Economic Invasion of Africa. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/06/chinas-economic-invasion-of-africa. Accessed 21 January 2016
Rich TS, Recker S (2013) Understanding Sino-African Relations: Neocolonialism or a New Era? Journal of International and Area Studies 20(1):61–76
Google Scholar
Rossi V, Burghart N (2009) China Invests Abroad. http://www.chinabusinessreview.com/public/0909/intro.html. Accessed 21 January 2016
Santos Antonio N, Shaozhuang M (2015) China’s Special Economic Zone in Africa: Context, Motivations and Progress. Euro Asia Journal of Management 25(44):79–103
Google Scholar
Saunders PC (2006) China’s Global Activism: Strategy, Drivers, and Tools, Institute for National Strategic Studies, Occasional Paper 4. National Defense University Press, Washington, DC
Google Scholar
Segal G (1992) China and Africa. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 519(1):115–126
Google Scholar
Sekine E (2011) The Governance of China Investment Corporation on its Way to Becoming a Sophisticated Institutional Investor. Nomura Journal of Capital Markets 2(3):1–16
Google Scholar
Shinn DH (2008) Military and Security Relations: China, Africa and the Rest of the World. In: Rotberg RI (ed) China into Africa, Trade AID, and Influence. Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp 155–196
Google Scholar
Skeer J, Wang Y (2007) China on the Move: Oil Price Explosion. Energy Policy 35(1):678–681
Google Scholar
Snow P (1988) The Star Raft China’s Encounter with Africa. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London
Google Scholar
State Council Information Office (2011) China’s Foreign Aid. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-04/21/c_13839683.htm. Accessed 20 June 2016
State Council Information Office (2013) China-Africa Economic and Trade Cooperation (2013). http://images.mofcom.gov.cn/rw/201308/20130830175534058.pdf. Accessed 20 May 2018
Taylor I (1998) China’s Foreign Policy Towards Africa in the 1990s. The Journal of Modern African Studies 36(3):443–460
Google Scholar
Taylor I (2002) Taiwan’s Foreign Policy and Africa: The Limitations of Dollar Diplomacy. Journal of Contemporary China 11(30):125–140
Google Scholar
Taylor I (2006) China and Africa, Engagement and Compromise. Routledge, London
Google Scholar
Taylor I (2009) China’s, New Role in Africa. Lynne Rienner, Boulder, CO
Google Scholar
Taylor I, Wu Z (2013) China’s Arms Transfers to Africa and Political Violence. Terrorism and Political Violence 25(3):457–475
Google Scholar
Tjønneland EN, Brandtzæg B, Kolås Å, le Pere, G (2005) China in Africa Implications for Norwegian Foreign and Development Policies. Michelsen Institute
Google Scholar
Tull DM (2006) China’s Engagement in Africa: Scope, Significance and Consequences. Journal of Modern African Studies 44(3):459–479
Google Scholar
Van de Looy J, de Haan L (2006) Africa and China: A Strategic Partnership? Strategic Analysis 30(3):562–575
Google Scholar
Van der Lugt S, Hamblin V (2011) Assessing China’s Role in Foreign Direct investment in Southern Africa. The Centre for Chinese Studies Stellenbosh University
Google Scholar
Van Ness P (1971) Revolution and Chinese Foreign Policy, Peking’s Support for Wars of National Liberation. University of California Press, Berkeley
Google Scholar
Wang G (2011) Chinese Vice Premier Vows Stronger Relations with Mozambique. http://www.focac.org/eng/zxxx/t828254.htm. Accessed 15 July 2007
Wezeman PD, Fleurant A, Kuimova A, Nan T, Wezeman ST (2018) Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2017 SIPRI Fact Sheet. https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2018-03/fssipri_at2017_0.pdf. Accessed 1 March 2019
Whewell T (2008) China to Seal $9bn DR Congo Deal. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/7343060.stm. Accessed 1 May 2012
Wong C (2010) Fiscal Reform: Paying for the Harmonious Society. China Economic Quarterly 14(2):22–27
Google Scholar
World Bank (2018) The World Bank in China. http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/china/overview. Accessed 1 January 2019
World Bank Group (2013) Enterprise Surveys: Zambia. https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/data/exploreeconomies/2013/zamb. Accessed 1 January 2019
Wu F (2005) How Chinese Companies have Discreetly Internationalized their Operations. The International Economy, Fall, pp 27–56 (China Inc., International)
Google Scholar
Xiaolin G (2008) Repackaging Confucius PRC Public Diplomacy and the Rise of Soft Power. Institute for Security and Development Policy, Stockholm
Google Scholar
Xinhua (2006) China-Africa Cooperation Fruitful over Past 50 Years. http://english.focacsummit.org/2006-11/01/content_4312.htm. Accessed 21 May 2010
Xinhua (2008) Confucius Institutes Help Promote Exchange, Co-op between China and African Countries, Educators. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-10/07/content_10160650.htm. Accessed 21 May 2010
Xinhua (2010a) CNMC Kicks Off Production at Copper Mine in Zambia. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2010-11/28/content_11619435.htm. Accessed 21 May 2012
Xinhua (2010b) China, South Africa Upgrade Relations to Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-08/24/c_13460144_2.htm. Accessed 21 July 2013
Xinhua (2011) China, Senegal Cooperation Fruitful Says Chinese Vice President. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-05/20/c_13884139.htm. Accessed 21 July 2013
Yu GT (1963) Peking versus Taipei in the World Arena: Chinese Competition in Africa. Asian Survey 3(9):439–453
Google Scholar
Yu GT (1988) Africa in Chinese Foreign Policy. Asian Survey 28(8):849–862
Google Scholar
Yu X (2007) The Role of Soft Power in China’s External Strategy. Global Review 126–127
Google Scholar
Yuan Sun I, Jayaram K, Kassiri O (2017) Dance of the Lions and Dragons. How are Africa and China Engaging, and How will the Partnership Evolve? McKinsey & Company, New York
Google Scholar
Zambia Daily Mail (2005) Zambia, China in Joint Mineral Deal, Zambia Daily Mail. http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/media/news/viewnews.cgi?category=5&id=1204100517. Accessed 1 December 2008
Zhao L (2007) Zhōngguó ruǎn shílì tíshēng yǐn rén guānzhù [‘Increase of China’s Soft Power Raises Attention’] 1:45–46
Google Scholar
Zhao S (2011) The Geopolitics of China-African Oil. http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2011/04/13/the-geopolitics-of-china-african-oil.html. Accessed 21 June 2018
Zheng B (2005) China’s Peaceful Rise: Speeches of Zheng Bijian 1997–2004. Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC
Google Scholar
ZTE (2005) ZTE to Deploy Its First Commercial African. http://wwwen.zte.com.cn/endata/magazine/ztetechnologies/2005year/no9/articles/200511/t20051129_161541.html. Accessed 21 June 2010

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

University College Cork, Republic of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
Niall Duggan

Authors

Niall Duggan
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Niall Duggan .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Duggan, N. (2020). Chinese Foreign-Policy Actors in Africa. In: Competition and Compromise among Chinese Actors in Africa. Governing China in the 21st Century. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8813-2_6

Download citation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8813-2_6
Published: 03 August 2019
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-8812-5
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-8813-2
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics