Abstract
The fourth chapter will trace the history and purpose, as well as the role and impact of the Internet on election campaigns. Next, it will outline the background of political campaigns and the use of communication strategies in Malaysian general elections from GE12 in 2008 and GE13 in 2013 to the most recent GE14 in 2018.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
- 2.
- 3.
- 4.
- 5.
- 6.
- 7.
- 8.
- 9.
- 10.
- 11.
- 12.
- 13.
- 14.
- 15.
- 16.
- 17.
- 18.
- 19.
- 20.
- 21.
- 22.
- 23.
- 24.
- 25.
- 26.
- 27.
- 28.
- 29.
References
Abdul Latif, A. B. (1998). Peranan media dalam pilihanraya persekutuan [the role of the media in general election]. Shah Alam, Selangor: Fajar Bakti.
ABN News. (2013, April 30). GE13: Two students claim BN supporters molested them during Najib event. ABN News. Retrieved from http://news.abnxcess.com/2013/04/ge13-two-students-claim-bn-supporters-molested-them-during-najib-event/
Adam, A. (2018, April 5). DAP drops rocket logo for GE14, RoS tells PPBM to close. The Edge Markets. Retrieved from http://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/dap-drops-rocket-logo-ge14-ros-tells-ppbm-close
Ananthalakshmi, A., & Sipalan, J. (2018, January 24). Malaysian makeover: At 92, Mahathir seeks to be PM again. Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-politics-mahathir/malaysian-makeover-at-92-mahathir-seeks-to-be-pm-again-idUSKBN1FD0NF
Anbalagan, V. (2013, July 24). Najib’s GE13 tweets lacked impact, bounced between cybertroopers, research shows. The Malaysian Insider. Retrieved from http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/najibs-ge13-tweets-lacked-impact-bounced-between-cybertroopers-research-sho
Anith, A. (2018a, September 13). Lack of social media presence contributed to GE14 loss, says PAS ulama. Malay Mail Online. Retrieved from https://www.malaymail.com/s/1672152/lack-of-social-media-presence-contributed-to-ge14-loss-pas-ulama-says
Anith, A. (2018b, May 2). Thousands turn out to see Dr M bat for Pakatan in Titiwangsa. Malay Mail Online. Retrieved from https://www.malaymail.com/s/1626423/thousands-turn-out-to-see-dr-m-bat-for-pakatan-in-titiwangsa.
Ansolabehere, S., & Iyengar, S. (1995). Going negative: How attack ads shrink and polarise the electorate. New York: Free Press.
Anstead, N. (2008). The internet and campaign finance in the US and the UK: An institutional comparison. Journal of Information Technology and Politics, 5(3), 285–302.
Anstead, N., & Chadwick, A. (2008). Parties, election campaigning, and the internet: Toward a comparative institutional approach. In A. Chadwick & P. Howard (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of internet politics (pp. 56–71). New York: Routledge.
Asian Strategy and Leadership Institute. (2008). An analysis of Malaysia’s 12th general election. Retrieved from http://www.asli.com.my/DOCUMENTS/An%20Analysis%20of%20Malaysia.pdf
AsiaOne News. (2013, April 6). Malaysia election: 20,000 soft panda toys to boost MCA’s campaign in Penang. AsiaOne News. Retrieved from http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Malaysia/Story/A1Story20130406-414027.html
Asohan, A. (2013a, May 10). GE13: A ‘social media election’ after all. Digital News Asia. Retrieved from http://www.digitalnewsasia.com/digital-economy/ge13-a-social-media-election-after-all
Asohan, A. (2013b, April 22). GE13: Is Najib winning the ‘social media election’? . Digital News Asia. Retrieved from http://www.digitalnewsasia.com/digital-economy/ge13-is-najib-winning-the-social-media-election
Aspinall, E. (2013). The triumph of the machine. Inside Story, 7. http://insidestory.org.au/triumph-of-the-machine/
Asrul Hadi, A. S. (2013, May 1). GE13: CFM condemns inflammatory campaign against Christians. fz.com. Retrieved from http://www.fz.com/content/ge13-cfm-condemns-inflammatory-campaign-against-christians
Astro Awani English. (2013a, April 24). Love is in the air for MCA. Astro Awani English. Retrieved from http://english.astroawani.com/news/show/love-is-in-the-air-for-mca-12837.
Astro Awani English. (2013b, April 4). Malaysian political parties embracing new media. Astro Awani English. Retrieved from http://english.astroawani.com/news/show/malaysian-political-parties-embracing-new-media-10355
Auty, C., & Nicholas, D. (1998). British political parties and their web pages. ASLIB Proceedings, 50(10), 283–296.
Awaina, A., & Mohd Nasaruddin, P. (2018, May 18). Dr M’s RM12 sandals go viral, Bata cashes in. New Straits Times Online. Retrieved from https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/05/370577/dr-ms-rm12-sandals-go-viral-bata-cashes#cxrecs_s
Axyrd, S. (2018, May 13). GE14: Sheer lucky coincidences or brilliant yet subtle social media strategising by PH? Digital News Asia. Retrieved from https://www.digitalnewsasia.com/insights/ge14-sheer-lucky-coincidences-or-brilliant-yet-subtle-social-media-strategising-ph?page=0%2C0
Azim, A. (2018, March 23). Malaysia’s 93-year-old ex-PM gatecrashes forum, stuns ‘ageist’ critics. Asian Correspondent. Retrieved from https://asiancorrespondent.com/2018/03/malaysias-92-year-old-ex-pm-gatecrashes-forum-stuns-ageist-critics/
Azril, A. (2013, April 23). GE13: EC probe proves rumours of multiple voting false. fz.com. Retrieved from http://www.fz.com/content/ge13-ec-probe-proves-rumours-multiple-voting-false
Badrul, H. I. (2018). No Big Rallies in GE14, Personal Touch Strategy to Woo Vote. The Affair Retrieved from http://theaffairweekly.com/features/no-big-rallies-in-ge14-personal-touch-strategy-to-woo-voters.html
Baharuddin, H. A., Abdullah@Kassim, M., Rahmat, G., & Abdul Rasid, A. R. (2000). Kajian mengenai peranan dan pengaruh internet terhadap para pengundi semasa pilihanraya umum Malaysia 1999 [Research on the internet’s role and influence on voters during the 1999 Malaysian general election]. Retrieved from.
Barnes, J. (2018, May 8). How far do political ads on YouTube influence voters? The Malay Mail Online. Retrieved from https://www.malaymail.com/s/1628771/how-far-do-political-ads-on-youtube-influence-voters.
Bernama. (2013a, December 19). Abby to help campaign for PAS. fz.com. Retrieved from http://www.fz.com/content/abby-help-campaign-pas
Bernama. (2013b, May 1). GE13: 15 summoned by MCMC over spreading of rumours. fz.com. Retrieved from http://www.fz.com/content/ge13-15-summoned-mcmc-over-spreading-rumours
Bimber, B. (1998). The internet and political mobilisation: Research note on the 1996 election season. Social Science Computer Review, 16(4), 391–401.
Bimber, B. (2003). Information and American democracy: Technology in the evolution of political power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bimber, B., & Davis, R. (2003). Campaigning online: The internet in US elections. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Blumler, J. G., & Kavanagh, D. (1999). The third age of political communication: Influences and features. Political Communication, 16(3), 209–230.
Board, J. (2018, May 8). Mahathir makes final case for election in Langkawi, craves for encore. ChannelNewsAsia. Retrieved from https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-election-mahathir-final-case-langkawi-ge14-10214908.
Boo, S.-L. (2018, March 28). Winning the Malay vote in GE14. Retrieved from https://www.malaymail.com/s/1608993/winning-the-malay-vote-in-ge14.
Brown, V. (2018a, May 4). Dr M draws on ‘the Force’ in campaign poster on star wars day. The Star Online. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/05/04/dr-m-poses-as-jedi-with-lightsaber-in-campaign-poster-for-star-wars-day/.
Brown, V. (2018b, May 3). Dr M slips up, mistakenly tells people to support BN. The Star Online. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/05/03/dr-m-slips-up-mistakenly-tells-people-to-support-bn/
Butler, D., & Ranney, A. (Eds.). (1992). Electioneering: A comparative study of continuity and change. New York: Oxford University Press.
Carlson, T., & Djupsund, G. (2001). Old wine in new bottles? The 1999 Finnish election campaign on the internet. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 6(1), 68–87.
Castells, M. (2002). The internet galaxy: Reflections on the internet, business and society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Centre for Independent Journalism. (2014). A report by the Centre for Independent Journalism: Freedom of expression and GE-13 (S. E. C. Masjaliza Hamzah, Han see Tshiung Ed.). Kuala Lumpur: Author.
Chalil, M. (2018, May 8). After ‘mamak’ video, Khairy back with another featuring actress Vanida Imran. Retrieved from https://www.malaymail.com/s/1628673/after-mamak-video-khairy-back-with-another-featuring-actress-vanida-imran
Chan, W. S. (2013, April 29). GE13: In Chinese Press: Dong Zong gives up hope on BN. fz.com. Retrieved from http://www.fz.com/content/ge13-chinese-press-dong-zong-gives-hope-bn
Chong, Y. L. (2009). Dr Mahathir is back as “flavour of the season”? Retrieved from. http://www.cpiasia.net/v3/index.php/130-bloggers-buzz/Bloggers%20Buzz/1606-dr-mahathir-is-back-as-qflavour-of-the-seasonq-.
Chooi, C. (2013, May 26). ‘Red Bean Army’ a figment of Utusan’s imagination: Kit Siang. The Malaysian Insider. Retrieved from http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/red-bean-army-a-figment-of-utusans-imagination-says-kit-siang.
Choong, J. (2018, August 10). Fly national colours proudly, Dr M urges Malaysians in heartwarming Merdeka video. Malay Mail Online. Retrieved from https://www.malaymail.com/s/1661071/fly-national-colours-proudly-dr-m-urges-malaysians-in-heartwarming-merdeka
Christopher, M., Payne, A., & Ballantyne, D. (1991). Relationship marketing. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Chu, M. M. (2018, April 13). With a serious election, comes the lighter side of Malaysians. The Star Online. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/04/13/with-a-serious-election-comes-the-lighter-side-of-msians/
Chua, K. (2013, May 1). GE13: Political parties banking on cuddly toys to win voters’ hearts. The Star Online. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/Story/?file=%2F2013%2F5%2F1%2Fnation%2F13038991.
Connaughton, M. (2016, April 5). Meet the Malaysian artist fighting government corruption with a cartoon. Vice.
D’Alessio, D. (1997). Use of the world wide web in the 1996 US election. Election Studies, 16(4), 489–500.
Denver, D., & Hands, G. (1992). Constituency campaigning. Parliamentary Affairs, 45(4), 528–544.
Dina, M. (2016, August 11). Syed Saddiq discusses Parti Pribumi. The Star Online. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/08/11/parti-pribumi-interview-with-syed-saddiq/.
Ding, E. (2013, April 23). Fear-mongering ads against Pakatan likely to backfire, says industry. The Malaysian Insider. Retrieved from http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/fearmongering-ads-against-pakatan-likely-to-backfire-says-industry
Election Commission. (1972). Report on the parliamentary (dewan Rakyat) and state legislative assembly general election 1969 of the states of Malaya, Sabah and Sarawak. Retrieved from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia:
Election Commission. (1988). Report of the Malaysian general election 1986. Retrieved from Kuala Lumpur:
Ell. (2013, April 29). Industri filem dan muzik hancur jika PAS berkuasa – Norman KRU [The film and music industry will collapse if PAS comes into power – Norman KRU]. Retrieved from http://www.ohbulan.com/industri-filem-muzik-hancur-jika-pas-berkuasa-norman-kru/
Ellis-Petersen, H. (2018, June 24). Malaysia’s top cartoonist says he’ll miss PM who tried to jail him for 43 years. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/24/malaysia-top-political-cartoonist-zunar-will-miss-pm-najib-razak.
Emmanuel, M., Loh, D., & Karim, F. N. (2004, March 24). Polls could see SMS explosion. New Straits Times, p. 6.
Fauziah, I. (2016, September 8). Patriotic power of music. New Straits Times. Retrieved from https://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/09/171676/patriotic-power-music
FMT Reporters. (2017, July 12). Rafizi: Johor will lead shift in support for PH. Free Malaysia Today. Retrieved from https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2017/07/12/rafizi-johor-will-lead-shift-in-support-for-ph/
FMT Reporters. (2018, June 8). Branding guru tells why BN lost despite aggressive campaign. Free Malaysia Today. Retrieved from https://www.msn.com/en-my/news/national/branding-guru-tells-why-bn-lost-despite-aggressive-campaign/ar-AAynfAU
Foot, K. A., & Schneider, S. M. (2002). Online action in campaign 2000: An exploratory analysis of the US political web sphere. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 46(2), 222–244.
Gaik, C. K. (2018, May 6). Notes from the campaign: Lembah Pantai. Retrieved from http://www.newmandala.org/notes-campaign-lembah-pantai/
Gibson, R. K., Newell, J. L., & Ward, S. J. (2000). New parties, new media: Italian party politics and the internet. South European Society and Politics, 5(1), 123–136.
Gibson, R. K., & Rommele, A. (2001). Changing campaign communications: A party-centred theory of professional campaigning. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 6(4), 31–43.
Gibson, R. K., & Ward, S. J. (1998). UK political parties on the internet: Politics as usual in the new media? The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 3(3), 14–38.
Gibson, R. K., & Ward, S. J. (2002). Virtual campaigning: Australian parties and the impact of the internet. Australian Journal of Political Science, 37(1), 99–129.
Gibson, R. K., Ward, S. J., & Lusoli, W. (2002). The internet and political campaigning: The new medium comes of age. Representations, 39(3), 166–180.
Gomez, J. (2013, March 26). Malaysia’s social media election is already over. The Malaysian Insider. Retrieved from http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/sideviews/article/malaysias-social-media-election-is-already-over-james-gomez.
Grant, A. (2005). Party and election finance in Britain and America: A comparative analysis. Parliamentary Affairs, 58(1), 71–88.
Hall, S. (2006). Encoding/decoding. In M. G. K. Durham, Douglas M. (Ed.), Media and Cultural Studies: Key Works (Revised edn.). Main Street, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Hall Jamieson, K. (1996). Packaging the presidency: A history and criticism of presidential campaign advertising (3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Haris, I. (2013, January 11). Please take the Lao Tze vs Soi Lek comic far and wide. Retrieved from http://harismibrahim.wordpress.com/2013/01/11/please-take-the-lao-tze-vs-soi-lek-comic-far-and-wide/
Harrop, M. (1986). Voting and the electorate. In H. Drucker, P. Dunleavy, A. Gamble, & G. Peele (Eds.), Developments in British politics (Vol. 2, pp. 34–59). London: Macmillan.
Hassan, K. (2004, March 19). The heat is on … there’s SMS overload and midnight visits. New Straits Times, p. 64.
Hemananthani, S., & Rahimy, R. (2018, January 9). Going big on social media. The Star Online. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/01/09/going-big-on-social-media-for-more-stories-political-parties-embrace-digital-platforms-to-woo-voters/
Hemananthani, S. R., (2018, January 9). Going big on social media. The Star Online. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/01/09/going-big-on-social-media-for-more-stories-political-parties-embrace-digital-platforms-to-woo-voters/
Ho, K. Y. (2018, October 18). Zunar settles suit on books, T-shirts seized at fundraiser. Free Malaysia Today. Retrieved from https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/10/18/zunar-settles-suit-on-books-t-shirts-seized-at-fundraiser/
Hoe, A. (2013). First experience as a polling agent. Retrieved from http://adrianhoe.com/adrianhoe/2013/04/30/first-experience-as-a-polling-agent/
Hollins, T. J. (1981). The presentation of politics: The place of party publicity, broadcasting and film in British politics 1918–1939. (PhD), University of Leeds, Leeds.
Horton, D., & Wohl, R. R. (1956). Mass communication and Para-social interaction: Observations on intimacy at a distance. Psychiatry, 19, 215–229.
Houghton, T. J. (2013a). Watching the watchdog: Malaysian media coverage of GE13 preliminary results – release 4. Different ‘language media’ provide differential information about GE13. Retrieved from Kuala Lumpur: http://pilihanraya.info/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/WtW.Release.4.pdf.
Houghton, T. J. (2013b). Watching the watchdog: Malaysian media coverage of GE13 preliminary results – Release 1. Retrieved from Kuala Lumpur: http://pilihanraya.info/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/WtW.Release.1.11.pdf.
Houghton, T. J. (2013c). Watching the watchdog: Malaysian media coverage of GE13 preliminary results – Release 2. Retrieved from Kuala Lumpur: http://pilihanraya.info/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/WtW.Release.1.2.pdf.
Howard, P. N. (2006). New media campaigns and the managed citizen. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ibrahim, S. (2018, June 4). 6 factors that decided GE14. The Malaysian Insight. Retrieved from https://www.themalaysianinsight.com/s/52281
Invoke Malaysia. (2017). Jom Bina Semula Negara. Retrieved from https://invokemalaysia.org/2017/07/10/jom-bina-semula-negara/
Isentia Malaysia. (2018). GE14 Aftermath: A Look at the Social Media Battlefield Retrieved from http://pages.isentia.com/2018_Q4_MY_JuneNewsletter_LandingPage.html
Ismail, K. (1978). The politics of accommodation: An analysis of the 1978 Malaysian general election. Retrieved from Singapore
Iyengar, S., & McGrady, J. A. (2007). Media politics: A citizen’s guide. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Jackson, N. (2003). MPs and web technologies: An untapped opportunity? Journal of Public Affairs, 3(2), 124–137.
Jackson, N. (2008). MPs and their e-newsletters: Winning votes by promoting constituency service. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 14(4), 488–499.
Jackson, N., & Lilleker, D. G. (2007). Information, input and the desire to find out what the opposition is doing: The uses and gratifications of political parties’ e-newsletters. Information, Communication and Society, 10(2), 242–264.
Jahabar, S. (2013a, March 22). Ahead of GE13, Najib goes direct to voters with ‘action kit’. The Malaysian Insider. Retrieved from http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/ahead-of-ge13-najib-goes-direct-to-voters-with-action-kit
Jahabar, S. (2013b, March 17). As GE13 looms, BN-friendly ads, videos gobble up cyberspace. The Malaysian Insider. Retrieved from http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/as-ge13-looms-bn-friendly-ads-videos-gobble-up-cyberspace
Kamarck, E. C. (1999). Campaigning on the internet in the elections of 1998. In E. C. Kamarck & J. S. J. Nye (Eds.), Democracy.com? Governance in a network world (pp. 99–123). Hollis, NH: Hollis Publishing.
Karthigesu, R. (1994). Sejarah perkembangan televisyen di Malaysia (1963–1983) [History of television development in Malaysia]. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Katz, R. S., & Mair, P. (2002). The ascendancy of the party in public office: Party organisational change in 20th-century democracies. In R. Gunther, J. R. Montero, & J. J. Linz (Eds.), Political parties. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Kavanagh, D. (1995). Election campaigning: The new marketing of politics. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
Khairah, N. K. (2019, April 4). Government to pay Zunar RM1,000 over book ban. New Straits Times. Retrieved from https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/04/476198/government-pay-zunar-rm1000-over-book-ban.
Khoo, B. T. (2013). The 13th general election (GE 13) in Peninsular Malaysia: An analysis of issues, outcomes and implications - Report 4. Retrieved from Japan: http://www.ide.go.jp/Japanese/Publish/Download/Kidou/pdf/2013_malaysia_06.pdf
Khor, Y. L. (2018, May 11). Commentary: Pakatan Harapan’s successful campaign strategy, informed by data, powered by people, Commentary. ChannelNewsAsia. Retrieved from https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/malaysia-election-ge14-pakatan-harapan-campaign-strategy-10221738.
Kitchens, J., Powell, L., & Williams, G. (2003). Information please? Information seeking, mass media and the undecided voter. Communication Research Reports, 20(1), 73–80.
Klotz, R. J. (1998). Virtual criticism: Negative advertising on the internet in the 1996 senate races. Political Communication, 15(3), 347–365.
Klotz, R. J. (2004). The politics of internet communication. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Lai, I. (2013, April 11). GE13: ‘Wen Wen’ ready to greet voters The Star Online. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2013/04/11/GE13-Wen-Wen-ready-to-greet-voters/.
Lee, P. (2013, June 4). Bangladesh denies claims its workers were phantom voters. The Star Online. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2013/06/04/Bangladesh-denies-claims-its-workers-were-phantom-voters/.
Letchumanan, A. (2013, April 28). GE13: Parties singing and dancing to the tunes of Indians. The Star Online. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx/?file=%2f2013%2f4%2f28%2fnation%2f13033403&sec=nation.
Lilleker, D. G., & Jackson, N. A. (2011). Political campaigning, elections and the internet: Comparing the US, UK, France and Germany. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
Lilleker, D. G., & Negrine, R. (2002). Professionalisation: Of what? Since when? By whom? The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 7(4), 98–103.
Lilleker, D. G., & Scullion, R. (2009). Political advertising. In H. Powell, J. Hardy, S. Hawkins, & I. MacCrury (Eds.), The handbook of advertising (pp. 187–197). London: Routledge.
Lim, I. (2013a, March 29). Pakatan pushes Net presence, hopes for spread to villages. The Malaysian Insider. Retrieved from http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/pakatan-pushes-net-presence-hopes-for-spread-to-villages
Lim, J. (2013b, May 11). The harrowing experience of being an EC officer for GE13. The Malaysian Insider. Retrieved from http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/sideviews/article/the-harrowing-experience-of-being-an-ec-officer-for-ge13-joanne-lim.
Lim, M. L. (2018, July 9). How digital marketing turned the GE14 tide. The Star/R.AGE. Retrieved from https://www.rage.com.my/digital-marketing-turned-ge14-tide/#JrKzhXfAjBt9AuQl.99
Lim, T. G. (2018, April 29). How the internet can help Harapan produce an upset win in GE14. Malaysiakini. Retrieved from https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/422187
Lin, R. (2015, May 17). Go crazy with Gila-Gila art at Galeri Petronas. The Star Online. Retrieved from https://www.star2.com/culture/arts/2015/05/17/go-crazy-with-gila-gilas-art-at-galeri-petronas/
Lisa J. A. (2013, September 15). DAP man concurs Pemantau’s findings of no foreign voters, blackouts. Free Malaysia Today. Retrieved from http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2013/09/15/dap-man-concurs-pemantaus-findings-of-no-foreign-voters-blackouts/
Loh, A. (2018, May 8). Langkawi mega-concert clashes with Dr M’s final GE14 ceramah. The Star Online. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/05/08/langkawi-mega-concert-clashes-with-dr-m-s-final-ge14-ceramah/
Loh, F. (2013, April 19). Mixing buffet dinners, lucky draws, international concert with GE13. Aliran.
Loh, J. (2018a, May 4). Dr Mahathir sets bold target to reach 10 million voters with his Facebook Live campaign speech on eve of polling day. Business Insider Malaysia. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.my/dr-mahathir-sets-target-10-million-voters-facebook-live-campaign-speech-eve-of-polling-day/.
Loh, J. (2018b, April 30). Mahathir is appealing to voters’ emotions with a new video – he even sobs, saying ‘I don’t have much time left’. Business Insider Malaysia. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.my/dr-mahathir-emotional-short-film-motivation-political-journey/.
Lusoli, W., & Ward, S. (2004). Country report for the internet and election project, 2004 European parliament election – UK component. Retrieved from http://lusoli.info/papers/UK_report_Lusoli%20and%20Ward.pdf.
Maarek, P. J. (1995). Political marketing and communication. London: John Libbey.
Maarek, P. J. (1997). New trends in French political communication: The 1995 presidential elections. Media, Culture and Society, 19(3), 357–368.
Malay Mail Online. (2017, February 7). Fahmi Reza finalist for freedom of expression award. Malay Mail Online. Retrieved from https://www.malaymail.com/s/1309015/fahmi-reza-finalist-for-freedom-of-expression-award
Malay Mail Online. (2018, March 15). Dr Mahathir debuts on Instagram, gets 18k followers within first four hours. Malay Mail Online. Retrieved from https://www.malaymail.com/s/1599011/dr-mahathir-debuts-on-instagram-gets-18k-followers-within-first-four-hours
Malaysiakini. (2018a, May 4). Dr M and sidekicks reunite, Malacca crowd goes gaga. Malaysiakini. Retrieved from https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/423125
Malaysiakini. (2018b, May 7). Najib returns to KL in ‘Hebatkan Negaraku’ AirAsia jet. Malaysiakini. Retrieved from https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/423569
Malaysiakini. (2018c, April 29). Not much time left but I must make amends, Dr M says in teary video. Malaysiakini. Retrieved from https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/422104
Malaysian Digital Association. (2013). MDA and comScore announce top 30 Malaysian web and video properties. Retrieved from Petaling Jaya: http://www.digital.org.my/pdf/MDA-and-comScore-Oct-2013-Report.pdf
Mariswamy, K. (2013, April 23). GE13: Muhyiddin plugs BN record at school launching. fz.com. Retrieved from http://www.fz.com/content/ge13-muhyiddin-plugs-bn-record-school-launching
Media Planning Guide Malaysia. (2013). Kuala Lumpur: Perception Media.
Mohammad Arif, N. (2018, April 12). 1MDB: Tun M pengaruhi rakyat guna bahasa mudah. Malaysian Gazeete. Retrieved from http://malaysiagazette.com/blog/2018/04/12/1mdb-tun-m-pengaruhi-rakyat-guna-bahasa-mudah/
Mohd Izzuddin, R. (2018). Empowerment through the graphic arts. New Naratif. Retrieved from https://newnaratif.com/journalism/empowerment-graphic-arts/
Mohd Safar, H. (1996). Akhbar dan kuasa: Perkembangan system akhbar di Malaysia sejak 1906 [Newspapers and power: The development of the newspaper system in Malaysia since 1806] Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Universiti Malaya.
Mohsin, A. (2018, May 8). Run-Up to GE14: The magnetic pull of Tun Mahathir. The Edge Malaysia. Retrieved from http://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/runup-ge14-magnetic-pull-tun-mahathir
Monash University Malaysia. (2018). Preparing for a WhatsApp election. Retrieved from https://www.monash.edu.my/news-and-events/pages/latest/articles/2018/preparing-for-a-whatsapp-election
Moten, A. R. (2000). The 1999 general election in Malaysia: Towards a stable democracy? Akademika: Journal of the Social Sciences and Humanities, 57, 67–86.
MSN News Malaysia. (2013, February 13). Malaysians plan ‘Jom Balik Undi’ campaign. MSN News Malaysia. Retrieved from http://news.malaysia.msn.com/elections/malaysians-plan-jom-balik-undi-campaign#image=1
Muliyadi, M. (2004). The history of Malay editorial cartoons (1930s–1993). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Utusan Publication & Distributor.
Mydans, S. (2008, November 5). Malaysian blogger fights a system he perfected The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/06/world/asia/06blogger.html.
Najwa, A., & Amalina, A. (2018a, May 8). Old politics and New media: Social media and Malaysia’s 2018 elections. The Diplomat. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2018/05/old-politics-and-new-media-social-media-and-malaysias-2018-elections/
Najwa, A., & Amalina, A. (2018b, May 16). What effect did social media have on the Malaysian election result? . TodayOnline. Retrieved from https://www.todayonline.com/commentary/what-effect-did-social-media-have-malaysian-election-result.
Negrine, R. (2008). The transformation of political communication: Continuities and changes in media and politics. Houndsmill, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
New, J.-L. (2017, September 25). Mahathir’s Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia Campaigns n Rural Areas to Win the Hearts Of Malay Voters. Retrieved from https://cilisos.my/guess-which-crowd-parti-pribumi-bersatu-malaysia-is-trying-to-reach-out-to/
New Straits Times. (2003, December 12). Survey: More people prefer to join MCA. New Straits Times, p. 4.
Newman, B. I. (1994). The marketing of the president. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Newman, B. I. (Ed.). (1999). The handbook of political marketing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Newman, N. (2018). Digital News Report: Overview and Key Findings of the 2018 Report. Retrieved from http://www.digitalnewsreport.org/survey/2018/overview-key-findings-2018/
Ngui, A. (2013, December 15). DAP screens Gangnam-inspired ‘Ubah Rocket Style’ (Video). The Sun Daily. Retrieved from http://www.thesundaily.my/news/565070.
Norris, P. (2000). A virtuous circle: Political communications in postindustrial societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Norris, P. (2001). Digital divide: Civic engagement, information poverty and the internet worldwide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Norris, P. (2002). Democratic phoenix: Reinventing political activism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Norris, P. (2004). The evolution of election campaigns: Eroding political engagement? Paper presented at the political Comunications in the 21st century, New Zealand. http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/pnorris/Acrobat/Otago%20The%20Evolution%20of%20Election%20Campaigns.pdf.
Norris, P., Curtice, J., Sanders, M., Scammell, M., & Semetko, H. A. (1999). On message: Communicating the campaign. London: Sage Publications Ltd.
Oh, I. Y. (2013, April 17). GE13:DAP launches ‘Ubah’ mascot in Seri Kembangan The Star Online. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Community/2013/04/17/GE13DAP-launches-Ubah-mascot-in-Seri-Kembangan.aspx/.
Ong, M. (1980). The democratic action party and the 1978 general election. In H. Crouch, K. H. Lee, & M. Ong (Eds.), Malaysian politics and the 1978 election (pp. 137–175). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Oxford University Press.
Owen, L. H. (2018). After years of growth, the use of social media for news is falling across the world. Retrieved from http://www.niemanlab.org/2018/06/after-years-of-growth-the-use-of-social-media-for-news-is-falling-across-the-world/.
Pakatan Rakyat (PR) GE13 PRU13. (2013, April 15). Latest Pakatan Rakyat (PR) GE13 PRU13 complete ceramahs schedule. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/PakatanRakyatPRGEPRUCeramahs/photos/a.574575445907816.1073741828.573319692700058/578676542164373/?type=1.
PoliTweet.Org. (2012). Census of Facebook users in Malaysia, Dec 2012. Retrieved from http://politweet.wordpress.com/2013/01/16/census-of-facebook-users-in-malaysia-dec-2012/.
Praba, G. (2018, May 1). Social media struggles for the opposition as BN surges. New Mandala.
Pragalath, K. (2013, April 25). BN’s song-dance efforts fail miserably. Free Malaysia Today. Retrieved from http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2013/04/25/bns-song-dance-efforts-fail-miserably/
Promchertchoo, P. (2018, May 8). Malaysian PM Najib promises special holidays, tax exemptions if BN wins election. ChannelNewsAsia. Retrieved from https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-election-najib-promises-holidays-tax-exemptions-ge14-10214840
Quan-Haase, A., Wellman, B., Witte, J., & Hampton K. (2002). Capitalising on the net: Social context, civic engagement and sense of community. In B. Wellman & C. Haythornwaite (Eds.), The internet in everyday life (pp. 291–324). Oxford: Blackwell.
Rachagan, S. S. (1987). The apportionment of seats in the house of representatives. In H. A. Zakaria (Ed.), Government and politics of Malaysia (pp. 56–70). Singapore: Oxford University Press.
Rahimy, R. (2018, April 9). Khairy in catchy election video for youth. The Star Online. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/04/09/khairy-in-catchy-election-video-for-youths/#auywM6LqrmItzcpm.99.
Rizalman, H. M. F., Mohd Yusof (2018, April 8). Pakatan to use PKR logo in GE14. New Straits Times. Retrieved from https://www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2018/04/354079/pakatan-use-pkr-logo-ge14.
Rose, I. (2004, March 16). Larger turnout of voters expected. New Straits Times, p. 1.
Sadow, J., & James, K. (1999). Virtual billboards? Candidate websites and campaigning in 1998? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta, GA.
Schmitt-Beck, R., & Farrell, D. M. (2002). Studying political campaigns and their effects. In D. M. Farrell & R. Schmitt-Beck (Eds.), Do political campaigns matter? Campaign effects in elections and referenda (pp. 1–21). London: Routledge.
Schudson, M. (1999). The good citizen: A history of American civic life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Selnow, G. W. (1998). Electronic whistle stops: The impact of the internet on American politics. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
Ser, K. K. K., & Lee, W. L. (2013). May 13 riots, race card played up in Johor. Malaysiakini. Retrieved from http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/228277
Seymour-Ure, C. (1996). The British press and broadcasting since 1945. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
Seymour-Ure, C. (1998). Are the broadsheets becoming unhinged? The Political Quarterly, 69(B), 43–54.
Shah, D. V., Cho, J., Eveland, W. P., & Kwak, N. (2005). Information and expression in a digital age: Modelling internet effects on civic participation. Communication Research, 35(5), 531–565.
Shamsul, A. (2004, February 9). The pulpit as a political tool. New Straits Times, p. 14.
Shanmugam, M. (2018, April 21). The difference WhatsApp, FB has brought to GE14. The Star Online. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2018/04/21/the-difference-whatsapp-fb-has-brought-to-ge14/
Spykerman, N. (2010). PKR takes fight to Umno strongholds. The Malaysian Insider. Retrieved from http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/pkr-takes-fight-to-umno-strongholds/
Sumisha, N. (2018, May 8). Political rallies take Centre stage in battle for urban Malaysia. Channel News Asia. Retrieved from https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/political-rallies-take-centre-stage-in-battle-for-urban-malaysia-10213822.
Swanson, D. L., & Mancini, P. (Eds.). (1996). Politics, media and modern democracy: An international study of innovations in electoral campaigning and their consequences. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
Tahir, A. (2018, May 28). #showbiz: Celebs following in Dr M’s footsteps in taking vitamins. New Straits Times Online. Retrieved from https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/groove/2018/05/374069/showbiz-celebs-following-dr-ms-footsteps-taking-vitamins
Tam, S. (2013, May 1). How is social media affecting the 13th Malaysian general election? Yahoo News Philippines. Retrieved from https://ph.news.yahoo.com/how-is-social-media-affecting-the-13th-malaysian-general-elections%2D%2D141713792.html.
Tamam, E., & Govindasamy, M. (2009). Political communication practices and research in Malaysia. In L. Willnat & A. Aw (Eds.), Political communication in Asia (pp. 135–153). New York: Routledge.
Tan, C. C. (2018, April 2). RUN-UP TO GE14: How big data is changing Malaysia’s election landscape. The Edge Financial Daily. Retrieved from http://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/runup-ge14-how-big-data-changing-election-landscape
Tan, T. (2018, April 1). It’s shaping up to be a WhatsApp election. The Star Online. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/04/01/its-shaping-up-to-be-a-whatsapp-election-platform-takes-over-from-social-media-in-dishing-out-politi/
Tapsell, R. (2013). Negotiating media ‘balance’ in Malaysia’s 2013 general election. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 32(2), 39–60.
Tay, S. (2013, April 6). BN’s nonsense continues …. Free Malaysia Today. Retrieved from http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/opinion/2013/04/06/bns-nonsense-continues/
Tedesco, J., Miller, J., & Spiker, J. (1999). Presidential campaigning on the information superhighway: An exploration of content and form. In L. Kaid & D. Bystrom (Eds.), The electronic election: Perspectives on the 1996 campaign communication (pp. 51–63). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Teo, C. W. (2013, April 20). Party mascots add cuteness factor. AsiaOne News. Retrieved from http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Malaysia/Story/A1Story20130415-416012.html
Teoh, B. (2014, May 28). Social media driving Teluk Intan polls. MySinchew.com. Retrieved from http://www.mysinchew.com/node/98628
Thasha, J. (2018, May 4). Pakatan targets 10 million voters with Dr M ‘live’ in Langkawi on may 8. Malay Mail Online. Retrieved from https://www.malaymail.com/s/1627297/pakatan-targets-10-million-voters-with-dr-m-live-in-langkawi-on-may-8
The Malaysian Bar. (2007). Walk for justice: When lawyers walk, something must be very wrong. Retrieved from http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/bar_news/berita_badan_peguam/walk_for_justice_when_lawyers_walk_something_must_be_very_wrong_.html.
The Malaysian Insider. (2013a, May 1). BN banks on ‘brand Najib’ to sway fence-sitters. The Malaysian Insider. Retrieved from http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/bn-banks-on-brand-najib-to-sway-fence-sitters
The Malaysian Insider. (2013b, August 25). Kit Siang excoriates ‘Tanda Putera’ maker over fictional flagpole scene. The Malaysian Insider. Retrieved from http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/kit-siang-excoriates-tanda-putera-maker-over-fictional-flagpole-scene
The Malaysian Insight. (2018, March 22). Malaysia’s national polls to be a WhatsApp election. Today Online. Retrieved from https://www.todayonline.com/world/malaysias-national-polls-be-whatsapp-election
The New Straits Times Online. (2018, May 18). PM hits 1 million followers on Instagram. The New Straits Times Online. Retrieved from https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/05/370664/pm-hits-1-million-followers-instagram.
The Star Online. (2008, May 2). Mahathir starts his own blog. The Star Online. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2008/05/02/mahathir-starts-his-own-blog/.
The Star Online. (2013a, April 12). GE13: Celebrities from both sides of the divide show their support. The Star Online. Retrieved from http://elections.thestar.com.my/story.aspx?file=/2013/4/12/nation/12960809#.U56BerGJmSo.
The Star Online. (2013b, April 28). GE13: Celebrities to campaign for BN nationwide. The Star Online. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx/?sec=nation&file=%2f2013%2f4%2f28%2fnation%2f13036899.
The Star Online. (2013c, May 8). GE13: DAP condemns social network users for spreading rumours. The Star Online. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx/?file=%2F2013%2F5%2F8%2Fnation%2F13080247&sec=nation.
The Star Online. (2013d, April 13). GE13: MCA bringing in more ‘stability’. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2013/04/13/ge13-mca-bringing-in-more-stability/
The Star Online. (2013e, March 26). GE13: Move over hornbill, MCA’s panda is the people’s choice. The Star Online. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2013/03/26/GE13-Move-over-hornbill-MCAs-panda-is-the-peoples-choice/.
The Star Online. (2013f, April 12). GE13: Online campaigns get nasty. The Star Online. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2013/04/12/GE13-Online-campaigns-get-nasty/.
The Star Online. (2013g, April 11). GE13: Selangor MCA uses political videos to attract youths. The Star Online. Retrieved from http://elections.thestar.com.my/story.aspx?file=/2013/4/11/central/12953516#.U5bRwChIOSo.
The Star Online. (2013h, April 6). GE13: Wan Aishah to contest Jempol seat. The Star Online. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2013/04/06/GE13-Wan-Aishah-to-contest-Jempol-seat/.
The Star Online. (2017, August 28). ‘Citizen Liow’ plays dual role in National Day video. The Star Online. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/08/28/citizen-liow-tiong-lai-plays-dual-role-in-national-day-video/#KGXY8gqctTLEbzoi.99.
The Star Online. (2018a, April 28). NegaraKru videos spread love and positive vibes. The Star Online. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/04/28/negarakru-videos-spread-love-and-positive-vibes/
The Star Online. (2018b, April 5). PKR launches two social media apps. The Star Online. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/04/05/pkr-launches-two-social-media-apps/
The Star Online. (2018c, April 26). Wakanda forever! Roars into M’sian politics. The Star Online. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/04/26/wakanda-forever-roars-into-msian-politics/
The Star Online. (2019). Fahmi Reza fails to strike out conviction for publishing Najib caricature. The Star Online. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/05/fahmi-reza-fails-to-strike-outconviction-for-publishing-najib-caricature/
The Straits Times. (2007, July 30). Malaysian leaders step up calls for controls on bloggers. The Straits Times. Retrieved from http://news.asiaone.com/print/News/The%2BStraits%2BTimes/Story/Malaysian%2Bleaders%2Bstep%2Bup%2Bcalls%2Bfor%2Bcontrols%2Bon%2Bbloggers.html
The Straits Times. (2018, February 23). Malaysia PM Najib mocked for saying he eats pricey quinoa now, not rice. The Straits TImes. Retrieved from https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/pm-najib-mocked-for-saying-he-eats-pricey-quinoa-now-not-rice
Theophilus, C. (2008, March 9). Malaysia poll battle goes online. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved from http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2008/03/2008525173049603201.html.
Today Online. (2014, January 15). Najib’s ‘kangkung’ statement draws flak from netizens Today Online. Retrieved from https://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/najibs-kangkung-statement-draws-flak-netizens
Toh, T. (2018, September 23). Cartoonist Zunar on his sedition charges & fight for political reform. The Star Online. Retrieved from https://www.star2.com/culture/2018/09/23/zunar-cartoonist-sapuman-book/.
Tolbert, C. J., & McNeal, R. S. (2003). Unravelling the effects of the internet on political participation. Political Research Quarterly, 56(2), 175–185.
Trammell, K. D. (2006). Blog offensive: An exploratory analysis of attacks published on campaign blog posts from a political public relations perspective. Public Relations Review, 32(4), 402–406.
Trent, J. S., & Friedenberg, R. V. (1991). Political campaign communication: Principles and practices (2nd ed.). New York: Praeger Publishers.
Umapagan, A. (2018, May 7). What is wrong with Malaysia? The New York TImes. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/07/opinion/malaysia-election-najib-razak.html
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. (2012). Digital media is now the mainstream media. Retrieved from http://www.ukm.my/news/index.php/en/extras/1298-digital-media-is-now-the-mainstream-media-.html
Vasil, R. K. (1980). Ethnic politics in Malaysia. New Delhi, India: Radiant Publishers.
Vinod, G. (2013, April 28). Wake up and stand up for democracy. Free Malaysia Today. Retrieved from http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2013/04/28/%E2%80%98wake-up-and-stand-up-for-democracy%E2%80%99/
Ward, S. J., & Gibson, R. K. (2000). The politics of the future? UK parties and the internet. In S. Coleman (Ed.), Elections in the age of the internet: Lessons from the United States (pp. 29–36). London: Hansard Society.
Ward, S. J., Gibson, R. K., & Lusoli, W. (2005). Old politics, new media: Parliament, the public and the internet. Paper presented at the 55th annual conference of the political studies association, University of Leeds University of Leeds.
Weber, L. M., Loumakis, A., & Bergman, J. (2003). Who participates and why? An analysis of citizens on the internet and the mass public. Social Science Computer Review, 21(1), 26–42.
Wee, H. T. (2013). Online petition against RAPP Malaysia for producing fear-mongering and patronising ads for BN. Retrieved from https://weehingthong.wordpress.com/2013/04/26/online-petition-against-rapp-malaysia-for-producing-fear-mongering-and-patronising-ads-for-bn/.
Wee, H. T. (2018). Barisan Hasutan versus Pakatan Hasutan. Retrieved from https://weehingthong.org/2018/02/08/this-is-anti-pakatan-propaganda-tolak-pakatan-hasutan-fake-news/.
Williams, A. P., Trammell, K. D., Postelnicu, M., Landreville, K. D., & Martin, J. D. (2005). Blogging and hyperlinking: Use of the web to enhance viability during the 2004 US campaign. Journalism Studies, 6(2), 177–186.
Wring, D. (1996). Political marketing and party development in Britain: A ‘secret’ history. European Journal of Marketing, 30(10/11), 92–103.
Wring, D. (1999). The marketing colonisation of political campaigning. In B. I. Newman (Ed.), The handbook of political marketing (pp. 41–53). London: Sage Publications Ltd.
Zurairi, A. R. (2013a, May 4). On last day of GE13 campaign, fake propaganda sprouts. The Malaysian Insider. Retrieved from http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/on-last-day-of-ge13-campaign-fake-propaganda-sprouts.
Zurairi, A. R. (2013b, April 10). Spending soars as BN sets out to conquer ad space. The Malaysian Insider. Retrieved from http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/spending-soars-as-bn-sets-out-to-conquer-ad-space
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pooi Yin Leong, P. (2019). Election Campaigns and New Media in Malaysia. In: Malaysian Politics in the New Media Age. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8783-8_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8783-8_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-8782-1
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-8783-8
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)