Abstract
While China’s new united front work is successful in the media sector of the Hong Kong civil society, its penetrative politics is less forceful in the educational sector, where the pro-democracy forces remain relatively strong. As such, the long-term plan of accelerating socio-economic integration between Hong Kong and mainland China is conducted through the Greater Bay Area blueprint. It remains to be seen whether the Greater Bay Area plan will be successful in achieving Beijing’s new united front policy of speeding up the socio-economic integration between Hong Kong and the mainland. But judging from the relatively limited inroads of the pro-Beijing forces in the educational sector of Hong Kong, it will take some years and perhaps decades for the PRC’s new united front work to be really successful.
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Notes
- 1.
Georg Brunner, “Legitimacy Doctrines and Legitimation Procedures in East European Systems,” in T. H. Rigby and Ferenc Feher, eds., Political Legitimation in Communist States (London: Macmillan, 1982), p. 35.
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Ibid.
- 3.
Kaarle Nordenstreng, “From Mass Media to Mass Consciousness,” in George Gerbner, ed., Mass Media Policies in Changing Cultures (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1977), pp. 269–283.
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Periklis Pavlidis, “Social consciousness, education and transformative activity,” Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, vol. 13, no. 2 (October 2015), pp. 1–37, especially p. 29.
- 5.
Brunner, “Legitimacy Doctrines and Legitimation Procedures in East European Systems,” p. 35.
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Ying Xie, Yunping Tong and Fenggang Yang, “Does Ideological Education in China Suppress Trust in Religion and Foster Trust in Government?,” Religions, vol. 8, no. 94 (2017), pp. 1–11.
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Michele Tuccio, Jackline Wahba, and Bachir Hamdouch, “International Migration: Driver of Political and Social Change?,” No. 9794 (Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn, Germany, March 2016), in http://ftp.iza.org/dp9794.pdf, access date: March 8, 2019, pp. 1–42. Also see Douglas S. Massey, “The Political Economy of Migration in an Era of Globalization,” in Samuel Martinez, ed., International Migration and Human Rights: The Global Repercussions of U.S. Policy (Oakland: University of California Press, 2009), pp. 25–43; and Sara Spencer, ed., The Politics of Migration: Managing Opportunity, Conflict and Change (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003).
- 8.
For the concepts of mainlandization and “re-colonization,” see Sonny Lo, “The Mainlandization and Recolonization of Hong Kong,” in Joseph Cheng Yu-shek, ed., The First Decade of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (Hong Kong: The City University of Hong Kong Press, 2007), pp. 179–231.
- 9.
See, for example, Editorial, “Both Beijing and the Vatican gain from improved relationship,” South China Morning Post, July 20, 2018, in https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/2060265/both-beijing-and-vatican-gain-improved-relationship, access date: March 2, 2019.
- 10.
Kenneth Wai-Kin Ming, “Journalists as Interest Groups: Implications for Democracy Movement,” in Sonny Shiu-Hing Lo, ed., Interest Groups and the New Democracy Movement in Hong Kong (London: Routledge, 2018).
- 11.
See Ho Si-wing, “Hong Kong film commentary,” October 30, 2010, in http://www.filmcritics.org.hk/film-review/node/2017/07/19/, access date: March 3, 2019.
- 12.
The film was seen in Hong Kong as having the tone of political patriotism. See “Analyzing the Making of a Republic,” September 9, 2009, in https://hk.appledaily.com/entertainment/art/20090909/13188390, access date: March 3, 2019.
- 13.
“From the Making of the Republic to the Making of an Army,” July 16, 2017, in https://kknews.cc/zh-hk/entertainment/2mvjb8z.html, access date: March 3, 2019.
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Fifty-five actors and actresses in Hong Kong and Taiwan are “blacklisted” as the list was leaked out. See “Chinese cultural department leaks out a list of 55 actors and actresses,” Apple Daily, December 30, 2016, in https://tw.appledaily.com/new/realtime/20161230/1024222/, access date: March 4, 2019.
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For details of the Lee Bo case, see Voice of America news, “Dissident Hong Kong Book Publisher Returns Home,” March 24, 2016, in https://www.voanews.com/a/dissident-hong-kong-book-publisher-returns-home/3253265.html, access date: March 3, 2019. Also see “Missing Hong Kong book editor Lee Bo returns home,” March 24, 2016, in https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/24/hong-kong-book-editor-lee-bo-returns-home-disappear-missing, access date: March 3, 2019.
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“Is the Liaison Office violating the two systems by possessing three publishers? Carrie Lam said we should not interfere as long as it was made in accordance with the law,” May 29, 2018, in https://thestandnews.com/politics/, access date: March 3, 2019.
- 18.
See the website of the Hong Kong Free Press, in https://www.hongkongfp.com/, access date: March 3, 2019.
- 19.
“Hong Kong press freedom drops to 73 in the world and the red capital occupies 31 percent of the local media organizations,” Apple Daily, June 6, 2017, in https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/daily/article/20170606/20045536, March 3, 2019. Also see “Two Systems Under Siege,” Release of the Hong Kong Journalist Association, July 2, 2017, in https://www.hkja.org.hk/en/press-release/two-systems-under-siege-hkja-releases-2017-annual-report/#more-1071, access date: March 3, 2019.
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Apple Daily, June 6, 2017.
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“Hong Kong Press Freedom Index,” July 11, 2018, in https://www.hkja.org.hk/en/survey-report/hong-kong-press-freedom-index/#more-3106, access date: March 3, 2019.
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See its website, https://thestandnews.com/about_us/, access date: March 3, 2019.
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See its website, http://www.inmediahk.net/donate, access date: March 5, 2019.
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See the stories in its website, https://www.inmediahk.net/, access date: March 5, 2019.
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See its website, https://www.post852.com/support-us/, access date: March 5, 2019.
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Robert James Horrocks, “The Guangzhou-Hong Kong Strike, 1925–1926: Hongkong Workers in an Anti-Imperialist Movement,” PhD thesis, Department of East Asian Studies, University of Leeds, October 1994, pp. 115–118.
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Ibid.
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Leung Po-lung, “Hong Kong’s war relief associations and the Chinese Communist Party,” February 10, 2017, in https://www.inmediahk.net/node/1047538, access date: March 5, 2019.
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“The meeting between Premier Zhou and the teachers and students from the University of Hong Kong,” China’s United Front Magazine, April 8, 2018, in http://www.locpg.hk/jsdt/2018-04/08/c_129845662.htm, access date: March 5, 2019.
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Ibid.
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“The confrontation after 1967: the period from red fire to transition,” November 12, 2010, in https://www.inmediahk.net/, access date: March 5, 2019.
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Ibid.
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Lau Shan-ching, “My first encounter with uncle Kan,” June 23, 2016, in https://www.inmediahk.net/node/1043023, access date: March 5, 2019.
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See the introduction to Wong Cho Bau in https://baike.baidu.com/, access date: March 7, 2019.
- 36.
See the website of the Scientia Secondary School in http://www.wss.edu.hk/about.aspx?clid=176&atid=98&lan=1, access date: March 7, 2019.
- 37.
See Wong Hoi, An Analysis of Hong Kong’s Social Strata (in Chinese) (Hong Kong: Commercial Press, 2017), p. 147.
- 38.
Ibid.
- 39.
See its website in http://www.hkfew.org.hk/info.php?cid=28, access date: March 7, 2019.
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See its website, http://www.hkfew.org.hk/info.php?cid=28, access date: March 8, 2019.
- 41.
See its website, https://www.hkfew.org.hk/info.php?cid=28, access date: March 9, 2019.
- 42.
For the strength of the PTU, see Steven Chung-fun Hung, “Professional Teachers’ Union as interest group fighting for democracy,” in Sonny Shiu-hing Lo, ed., Interest Groups and the New Democracy Movement in Hong Kong, pp. 87–110.
- 43.
See its website, http://www.cahkms.org/Page/AboutUs_1.html, access date: March 9, 2019.
- 44.
Ibid.
- 45.
See http://cahkms.org/hkmr/HKMR_10.html, access date: March 9, 2019.
- 46.
See http://www.cahkms.org/Page/AboutUs_3.html, access date: March 9, 2019.
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Apple Daily, June 14, 2002, in https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/daily/article/20020614/2658628, access date: March 9, 2019.
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See https://www.hk01.com/, July 9, 2017, access date: March 9, 2019.
- 49.
See https://ourhkfoundation.org.hk/zh-hant/node/36, access date: March 9, 2019.
- 50.
See https://www.hk01.com/, July 9, 2017, access date: March 9, 2019.
- 51.
For the accusation against Cheng, see Cheung Tat-ming, What is the Evidence? Revealing the Black Hand Behind the Scene of Hong Kong’s Chaotic Situation (in Chinese) (Hong Kong: San See Cultural and Commercial Information, 2018). Cheung was one of Cheng’s former research assistants. For the accusation on Cheng’s links with the European Union, see Ta Kung Pao, November 14, 2018, in http://www.takungpao.com.hk/news/232109/2018/1114/204181.html, access date: March 9, 2019.
- 52.
Joyce Ng, “Thunderbolt plan: Benny Tai devises proposal for Hong Kong pan-democrats to win half of legislative seats in September poll,” South China Morning Post, February 4, 2016, in https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/1909364/thunderbolt-plan-benny-tai-devises-proposal-hong-kong-pan, access date: March 9, 2019. For the concept of the “thunderbolt plan,” also see http://www.interpreting.hku.hk/glossary/?p=59461, access date: March 9, 2019.
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Benny Tai, “The hypocrisy of ‘one country, two systems,’” Apple Daily, January 7, 2019, in https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/daily/article/20190107/20585308, access date: March 9, 2019.
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Benny Tai, “The First Umbrella,” Apple Daily, December 31, 2018, in https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/daily/article/20181231/20580418, access date: March 9, 2019.
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Lau Mong-hung, “Is Sing Ming an associate professor or an extreme professional politician,” Wen WeiPo, December 5, 2011, in http://paper.wenweipo.com/2011/12/05/PL1112050001.htm, access date: March 9, 2019.
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See Wen Wei Po, August 7, 2012, in http://paper.wenweipo.com/2012/08/07/YO1208070016.htm, access date: March 9, 2019. For Chung’s defence, see his press release, in August 9, 2012, in https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/chinese/release/release951.html, access date: March 9, 2019.
- 57.
Apple Daily, March 25, 2019.
- 58.
Ta Kung Pao, March 7, 2019, pp. A12–A13.
- 59.
Ibid.
- 60.
Wen Wei Po, March 6, 2019, p. A15.
- 61.
Wen Wei Po, March 5, 2019, p. A9.
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Lo, S.SH., Hung, S.CF., Loo, J.HC. (2019). Influencing Civil Society Through Mass Media, Education and Migration. In: China’s New United Front Work in Hong Kong. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8483-7_9
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