Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyze William Hajjar’s single-family houses in State College, PA, and compare them with the European modernist work of Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer in the United States. This analysis is performed using shape grammars as a computational design methodology. Hajjar was a member of the architecture faculty at the Pennsylvania State University, a practitioner in State College, and an influential figure in the history of architecture in the area. Shape grammars are used specifically to verify and describe the influences of Bauhaus/European modernism on Hajjar’s domestic architecture. The focus is on establishing Hajjar’s single-family architectural language and comparing it to the architectural language of Gropius (Gropius-Breuer partnership) as the founder of the Bauhaus architecture and a prominent practitioner in introducing European modernism to American architecture students in the mid-twentieth century like Hajjar.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ockman, J. (ed.): Architecture School. Three Centuries of Educating Architects in North America. The MIT Press, Cambridge (2012)
Alofsin, A.: American modernism’s challenge to the beaux-arts. In: Ockman, J. (ed.) Architecture Schools, Three Centuries of Educating Architects in North America, p. 115 (2012)
Oral history interview with Lawrence Anderson. Smithsonian Archives of American Art, 30 January–30 March 1992
President’s Report, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 1940
Hadighi, M., Duarte, J.: Adapting modern architecture to a local context: a grammar for Hajjar’s hybrid domestic architecture. In: 36th eCAADe Conference, Lodz, Poland, pp. 515–524 (2018)
Stiny, G., Gips, J.: Shape grammars and the generative specification of painting and sculpture. Inf. Process. 7, 1460–1465 (1972)
Stiny, G.: Introduction to shape and shape grammars. Environ. Plann. B 7, 343–351 (1980)
Knight, T.: Transformations of languages of designs: part 3. Environ. Plan. 10, 155–177 (1983)
Knight, T.: Transformations of De Stijl art: the paintings of Georges Vantongerloo and Fritz Glarner. Environ. Plan. 16, 51–98 (1989)
Knight, T.: The generation of Hepplewhite-Style chair-back designs. Environ. Plan. 7, 227–238 (1980)
Stiny, G.: Ice-ray: a note on the generation of Chinese lattice design. Environ. Plann. B 4, 89–98 (1977)
Stiny, G., Mitchell, W.J.: The Palladian grammar. Environ. Plann. B 5, 5–18 (1978)
Koning, H., Elizenberg, J.: The language of the Prairie: Frank Lloyd Wright’s Prairie houses. Environ. Plann. B 8, 295–323 (1981)
Agarwal, M., Cagan, J.: A blend of different taste: the language of coffeemakers. Environ. Plann. B: Urban Analytics City Sci. 25, 205–226 (1998)
Costa, E., Duarte, J.: Mass customization of ceramic tableware through digital technology. In: Bartolo, H., Bartolo, P. (eds.) Green Design, Materials and Manufacturing Processes, pp. 467–471. CRC Press, Lisboa (2013)
Beirao, J., Duarte, J., Stouffs, R.: Creating specific grammars with generic grammars: towards flexible urban design. Nexus Netw. J. 13, 73–111 (2011)
Mendes, G., Beirao, J., Duarte, J.: Implementing a generative urban design model: grammar-based design patterns for urban design. In: 28th eCAADe Conference, Switzerland, pp. 265–274 (2010)
Çolakoğlu, B.: Design by grammar: an interpretation and generation of vernacular Hayat houses in contemporary context. Environ. Plan. 32, 141–149 (2005)
Chase, S., Ahmad, S.: Grammar transformations: using composite grammars to understand hybridity in design with an example from Medieval Islamic courtyard buildings. CAAD Futures, pp. 89–98 (2005)
Eloy, S., Duarte, J.: Transformation grammar for housing rehabilitation. Nexus Netw. J. 13, 49–71 (2011)
Kruger, M., Duarte, J., Coutinho, F.: Decoding de re aedificatoria: using grammars to trace Alberti’s influence on Portuguese classical architecture. Nexus Netw. J. 13, 171–182 (2011)
Benrós, D.: A generic housing grammar for the generation of different housing languages: a generic housing shape grammar for Palladian villas, Prairie and Malagueira Houses, Ph.D. dissertation, London’s Global University Bartlett School of Graduate Studies (2018)
Hadighi, M., Poerschke, U., Pisciotta, H., Goad, L., Goldberg, D., Ling, M.: The “Air-Wall”: a mid-twentieth-century double-skin façade by William Hajjar, the Façade Tectonics World Congress, Los Angeles, CA, pp. 473–482 (2016)
Winton, A.G.: The Bauhaus, 1919–1933, in Heilbrunn timeline of art history, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (2000)
Jordy, W.H.: The aftermath of the Bauhaus in America: Gropius, Mies, and Breuer, Perspectives in American History, Volume II, Charles Warren Center for Studies in American History, Harvard University (1968)
Acknowledgments
This research is partially supported by the Stuckeman School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture at Penn State, the Stuckeman Center for Design Computing, and the Hamer Center for Community Design.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Hadighi, M., Duarte, J. (2019). Bauhaus Internationalism to College Town Modernism. In: Lee, JH. (eds) Computer-Aided Architectural Design. "Hello, Culture". CAAD Futures 2019. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1028. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8410-3_30
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8410-3_30
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-8409-7
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-8410-3
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)