Abstract
In 1784, the steam engine was invented and put into use in Europe, and the Industrial Revolution began. Urban functions first underwent a qualitative change in industrial countries in Europe. There was a transition from consumption-oriented cities in the age of agricultural civilization to production-oriented cities in the era of industrial civilization. The change was extremely obvious in two particular ways: One was the change in the urban demographic structure.
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Notes
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The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, by Frederick Engels, translated into English by Florence Kelley Wischnewetzky, London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1892.
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Fu, C., Cao, W. (2019). The Urban Evolution in Modern Times. In: Introduction to the Urban History of China. China Connections. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8207-9_23
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8207-9_23
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Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore
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