Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Green Polymer Composites Based on Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Fibers

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Green Biopolymers and their Nanocomposites

Part of the book series: Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials ((MHFNN))

Abstract

The increasing demand for environmental and waste management policies globally has motivated researchers to focus on the development of biocomposites from renewable resources such as lignocellulosic materials and biopolymers in order to protect the environment. The release of polymers as waste materials generated a significant problem to the environment after service life. Authorities globally are encouraging people to employ more green materials from renewable resources. Biodegradable polymers from natural resources provide with an excellent opportunity to reduce the reliance on petroleum-derived polymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene. Among the well-known biodegradable polymers, polylactic acid (PLA) has a huge commercial potential because of its good biocompatibility, aesthetics, and easy processability in different mixing techniques. Polylactic acid is a biodegradable from renewable resources such as starch and corn. Currently, attention has been paid to the use of bio-reinforced composites which are applied in automotive, construction, and packaging applications. This chapter discusses the current research efforts, challenges, different preparation methods, and applications of polylactic acid (PLA)/fiber composites.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Ahmad F, Choi HS, Park MK (2015) A review: natural fiber composites selection in view of mechanical, light weight, and economic properties. Macromol Mater Eng 300:10–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Araújo A, Botelho G, Oliveira M, Machado A (2014) Influence of clay organic modifier on the thermal-stability of PLA based nanocomposites. Appl Clay Sci 88–89:144–150

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Ashik KP, Sharma RS (2015) A review of mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced hybrid polymer composites. J Miner Mater Charact Eng 3:420–426

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Avella M, Buzarovska A, Errico ME, Gentile G, Grozdanov A (2009) Eco-challenges of bio-based polymer composites. Materials 2:911–925

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Baillie C (2005) Green composites: polymer composites and the environment. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Book  Google Scholar 

  6. Beckermann GW, Pickering KL (2008) Engineering and evaluation of hemp fibre reinforced polypropylene composites: fibre treatment and matrix modification. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 39(6):979–988

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Birnin-Yauri AU, Ibrahim NA, Zainuddin N, Abdan K, Then YY, Chieng BW (2017) Effect of maleic anhydride-modified poly (lactic acid) on the properties of its hybrid fiber biocomposites. Polymers 9(5):165

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bongarde US, Shinde VD (2014) Review on natural fiber reinforcement polymer composites. Int J Eng Sci Innovative Technol 3(2):431–436

    Google Scholar 

  9. Bos HL, Van Den Oever MJA, Peters OCJJ (2002) Tensile and compressive properties of flax fibres for natural fibre reinforced composites. J Mater Sci 37(8):1683–1692

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Brahim SB, Cheikh RB (2007) Influence of fibre orientation and volume fraction on the tensile properties of unidirectional Alfa-polyester composite. Compos Sci Technol 67(1):140–147

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Carr DJ, Cruthers NM, Laing RM, Niven BE (2005) Fibers from three cultivars of New Zealand flax (Phormium tenax). Text Res J 75(2):93–98

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Carrasco F, Pagès P, Gámez-Pérez J, Santana OO, Maspoch ML (2010) Processing of poly (lactic acid): characterization of chemical structure, thermal stability and mechanical properties. Polym Degrad Stab 95(2):116–125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Cheng S, Lau K-T, Liu T, Zhao Y, Lam P-M, Yin Y (2009) Mechanical and thermal properties of chicken feather fiber/PLA green composites. Compos B Eng 40(7):650–654

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Cheung H-Y, Ho M-P, Lau K-T, Cardona F, Hui D (2009) Natural fibre-reinforced composites for bioengineering and environmental engineering applications. Compos B Eng 40(7):655–663

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Cho D, Kim JM, Song IS, Hong I (2011) Effect of alkali pre-treatment of jute on the formation of jute-based carbon fibers. Mater Lett 65(10):1492–1494

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Couture A, Lebrun G, Laperrière L (2016) Mechanical properties of polylactic acid (PLA) composites reinforced with unidirectional flax and flax-paper layers. Compos Struct 154:286–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Debeli DK, Zhang Z, Jiao F, Guo J (2018) Diammonium phosphate-modified ramie fiber reinforced polylactic acid composite and its performances on interfacial, thermal, and mechanical properties. J Nat Fibers 1–15

    Google Scholar 

  18. Dittenber DB, GangaRao HVS (2012) Critical review of recent publications on use of natural composites in infrastructure. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 43(8):1419–1429

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Efendy MGA, Pickering KL (2014) Comparison of harakeke with hemp fibre as a potential reinforcement in composites. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 67:259–267

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Gashti MP, Gashti MP (2013) Effect of colloidal dispersion of clay on some properties of wool fiber. J Dispersion Sci Technol 34(6):853–858

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Gunti R, Ratna Prasad AV, Gupta AVSSKS (2016) Mechanical and degradation properties of natural fiber reinforced PLA composites: jute, sisal, and elephant grass. Polym Compos 39(4):1125–1136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Gurunathan T, Mohanty S, Nayak SK (2015) A review of the recent developments in biocomposites based on natural fibres and their application perspectives. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 77:1–25

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Heidi P, Bo M, Roberts J, Kalle N (2011) The influence of biocomposite processing and composition on natural fiber length, dispersion and orientation. J Mater Sci Eng A 1(2A):190

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Holbery J, Houston D (2006) Natural-fiber-reinforced polymer composites in automotive applications. JOM 58(11):80–86

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Huson MG, Bedson JB, Phair NL, Turner PS (2000) Intrinsic strength of wool fibres. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 13:267

    Google Scholar 

  26. Jandas PJ, Mohanty S, Nayak SK, Srivastava H (2011) Effect of surface treatments of banana fiber on mechanical, thermal, and biodegradability properties of PLA/banana fiber biocomposites. Polym Compos 32(11):1689–1700

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Joseph PV, Joseph K, Thomas S, Pillai CKS, Prasad VS, Groeninckx G, Sarkissova M (2003) The thermal and crystallisation studies of short sisal fibre reinforced polypropylene composites. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 34(3):253–266

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Joshi SV, Drzal LT, Mohanty AK, Arora S (2004) Are natural fiber composites environmentally superior to glass fiber reinforced composites? Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 35(3):371–376

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Kabir MM, Wang H, Lau KT, Cardona F (2012) Chemical treatments on plant-based natural fibre reinforced polymer composites: an overview. Compos B Eng 43(7):2883–2892

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kalia S, Kaith BS, Kaur I (2009) Pretreatments of natural fibers and their application as reinforcing material in polymer composites—a review. Polym Eng Sci 49(7):1253–1272

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Khalil HPSA, Fazita MRN, Bhat AH, Jawaid M, Fuad NAN (2010) Development and material properties of new hybrid plywood from oil palm biomass. Mater Des 31(1):417–424

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Khalil HPSA, Suraya NL (2011) Anhydride modification of cultivated kenaf bast fibers: morphological, spectroscopic and thermal studies. BioResources 6(2):1122–1135

    Google Scholar 

  33. Kim H-H, Kim C-S, Jeon J-H, Park C-G (2016) Effects on the physical and mechanical properties of porous concrete for plant growth of blast furnace slag, natural jute fiber, and styrene butadiene latex using a dry mixing manufacturing process. Materials 9(2):84

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Kiruthika AV (2017) A review on physico-mechanical properties of bast fibre reinforced polymer composites. J Build Eng 9:91–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Kopinke F-D, Remmler M, Mackenzie K (1996a) Thermal decomposition of biodegradable polyesters-I: Poly (β-hydroxybutyric acid). Polym Degrad Stab 52(1):25–38

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Kopinke F-D, Remmler M, Mackenzie K, Möder M, Wachsen O (1996b) Thermal decomposition of biodegradable polyesters-II. Poly (lactic acid). Polym Degrad Stab 53(3):329–342

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Ku H, Wang H, Pattarachaiyakoop N, Trada M (2011) A review on the tensile properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites. Compos B Eng 42(4):856–873

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Kuang T, Chang L, Chen F, Sheng Y, Fu D, Peng X (2016) Facile preparation of lightweight high-strength biodegradable polymer/multi-walled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite foams for electromagnetic interference shielding. Carbon 105:305–313

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Kuang T-R, Mi H-Y, Fu D-J, Jing X, Chen B-Y, Mou W-J, Peng X-F (2015) Fabrication of poly (lactic acid)/graphene oxide foams with highly oriented and elongated cell structure via unidirectional foaming using supercritical carbon dioxide. Ind Eng Chem Res 54(2):758–768

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Le TM, Pickering KL (2015) The potential of harakeke fibre as reinforcement in polymer matrix composites including modelling of long harakeke fibre composite strength. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 76:44–53

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Lee CH, Salit MS, Hassan MR (2014) A review of the flammability factors of kenaf and allied fibre reinforced polymer composites. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2014:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  42. Li X, Tabil LG, Panigrahi S (2007) Chemical treatments of natural fiber for use in natural fiber-reinforced composites: a review. J Polym Environ 15(1):25–33

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Li Z, Zhou X, Pei C (2011) Effect of sisal fiber surface treatment on properties of sisal fiber reinforced polylactide composites. Int J Polym Sci 2011:1–7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Masirek R, Kulinski Z, Chionna D, Piorkowska E, Pracella M (2007) Composites of poly (L-lactide) with hemp fibers: morphology and thermal and mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 105(1):255–268

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Mohanty AK, Misra M (1995) Studies on jute composites—a literature review. Polym Plast Technol Eng 34(5):729–792

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Mohanty AK, Misra M, Hinrichsen G (2000) Biofibers, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: an overview. Macromol Mater Eng 276–277(1):1–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Mustafa A, Abdollah MFB, Shuhimi FF, Ismail N, Amiruddin H, Umehara N (2015) Selection and verification of kenaf fibres as an alternative friction material using Weighted Decision Matrix method. Mater Des 67:577–582

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Niu M, Liu X, Dai J, Hou W, Wei L, Xu B (2012) Molecular structure and properties of wool fiber surface-grafted with nano-antibacterial materials. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 86:289–293

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Ochi S (2008) Mechanical properties of kenaf fibers and kenaf/PLA composites. Mech Mater 40(4–5):446–452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Ochi S (2015) Flexural properties of long bamboo fiber/PLA composites. Open J Compos Mater 5(03):70–78

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Orue A, Eceiza A, Arbelaiz A (2018) Preparation and characterization of poly (lactic acid) plasticized with vegetable oils and reinforced with sisal fibers. Ind Crops Prod 112:170–180

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Orue A, Jauregi A, Peña-Rodriguez C, Labidi J, Eceiza A, Arbelaiz A (2015) The effect of surface modifications on sisal fiber properties and sisal/poly (lactic acid) interface adhesion. Compos B Eng 73:132–138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Orue A, Jauregi A, Unsuain U, Labidi J, Eceiza A, Arbelaiz A (2016) The effect of alkaline and silane treatments on mechanical properties and breakage of sisal fibers and poly (lactic acid)/sisal fiber composites. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 84:186–195

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Panda H (2011) Bamboo plantation and utilization handbook. Asia Pacific Business Press Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Petinakis E, Liu X, Yu L, Way C, Sangwan P, Dean K, Bateman S, Edward G (2010) Biodegradation and thermal decomposition of poly (lactic acid)-based materials reinforced by hydrophilic fillers. Polym Degrad Stab 95(9):1704–1707

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Pickering KL, Beckermann GW, Alam SN, Foreman NJ (2007) Optimising industrial hemp fibre for composites. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 38(2):461–468

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Pickering KL, Efendy MGA, Le TM (2016) A review of recent developments in natural fibre composites and their mechanical performance. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 83:98–112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Pickering KL, Li Y, Farrell RL, Lay M (2007) Interfacial modification of hemp fiber reinforced composites using fungal and alkali treatment. J Biobased Mater Bioenergy 1(1):109–117

    Google Scholar 

  59. Pickering K (2008) Properties and performance of natural-fibre composites. Elsevier

    Google Scholar 

  60. Pozo Morales A, Güemes A, Fernandez-Lopez A, Carcelen Valero V, De La Rosa Llano S (2017) Bamboo-polylactic acid (PLA) composite material for structural applications. Materials 10(11):1286

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Qin L, Qiu J, Liu M, Ding S, Shao L, Lü S, Zhang G, Zhao Y, Fu X (2011) Mechanical and thermal properties of poly (lactic acid) composites with rice straw fiber modified by poly (butyl acrylate). Chem Eng J 166(2):772–778

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Rajesh G, Prasad AVR (2014) Tensile properties of successive alkali treated short jute fiber reinforced PLA composites. Procedia Mater Sci 5:2188–2196

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Reddy N, Jiang Q, Yang Y (2012) Biocompatible natural silk fibers from Argema mittrei. J Biobased Mater Bioenergy 6(5):558–563

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Rezwan K, Chen QZ, Blaker JJ, Boccaccini AR (2006) Biodegradable and bioactive porous polymer/inorganic composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 27(18):3413–3431

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. De Rosa IM, Kenny JM, Puglia D, Santulli C, Sarasini F (2010) Tensile behavior of New Zealand flax (Phormium tenax) fibers. J Reinf Plast Compos 29(23):3450–3454

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Sajna VP, Mohanty S, Nayak SK (2016) Effect of poly (lactic acid)-graft-glycidyl methacrylate as a compatibilizer on properties of poly (lactic acid)/banana fiber biocomposites. Polym Adv Technol 27(4):515–524

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Salmeia KA, Jovic M, Ragaisiene A, Rukuiziene Z, Milasius R, Mikucioniene D, Gaan S (2016) Flammability of cellulose-based fibers and the effect of structure of phosphorus compounds on their flame retardancy. Polymers 8(8):293

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Sanadi AR, Caulfield DF, Jacobson RE (1997) Agro-fiber thermoplastic composites. CRC Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  69. Sha L, Chen Z, Chen Z, Zhang A, Yang Z (2016) Polylactic acid based nanocomposites: promising safe and biodegradable materials in biomedical field. Int J Polym Sci 2016:1–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Shah DU, Porter D, Vollrath F (2014) Can silk become an effective reinforcing fibre? A property comparison with flax and glass reinforced composites. Compos Sci Technol 101:173–183

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Shukor F, Hassan A, Islam MS, Mokhtar M, Hasan M (2014) Effect of ammonium polyphosphate on flame retardancy, thermal stability and mechanical properties of alkali treated kenaf fiber filled PLA biocomposites. Mater Des 1980–2015(54):425–429

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Suardana NPG, Ku MS, Lim JK (2011) Effects of diammonium phosphate on the flammability and mechanical properties of bio-composites. Mater Des 32(4):1990–1999

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Sujaritjun W, Uawongsuwan P, Pivsa-Art W, Hamada H (2013) Mechanical property of surface modified natural fiber reinforced PLA biocomposites. Energy Procedia 34:664–672

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Sun Z, Zhang L, Liang D, Xiao W, Lin J (2017) Mechanical and thermal properties of PLA biocomposites reinforced by coir fibers. Int J Polym Sci 2017:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  75. Tan BK, Ching YC, Poh SC, Abdullah LC, Gan SN (2015) A review of natural fiber reinforced poly (vinyl alcohol) based composites: application and opportunity. Polymers 7(11):2205–2222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Tawakkal ISMA, Cran MJ, Bigger SW (2014) Effect of kenaf fibre loading and thymol concentration on the mechanical and thermal properties of PLA/kenaf/thymol composites. Ind Crops Prod 61:74–83

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Thongpin C, Srimuk J, Wachirapong P (2015) Effect of natural fiber types and sodium silicate coated on natural fiber mat/PLA composites: tensile properties and rate of fire propagation. In: IOP conference series: materials science and engineering vol 87, p 012078

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Vroman I, Tighzert L (2009) Biodegradable polymers. Materials 2(2):307–344

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Wang Y-N, Weng Y-X, Wang L (2014) Characterization of interfacial compatibility of polylactic acid and bamboo flour (PLA/BF) in biocomposites. Polym Testing 36:119–125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Wu Z-H, Yang S-l, Yang W, Yang M-B (2008) Thermal and mechanical properties of chemical crosslinked polylactide (PLA). Polym Testing 27(8):957–963

    Google Scholar 

  81. Xie Y, Hill CAS, Xiao Z, Militz H, Mai C (2010) Silane coupling agents used for natural fiber/polymer composites: a review. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 41(7):806–819

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Yang M-H, Lin Y-H (2009) Measurement and simulation of thermal stability of poly (lactic acid) by thermogravimetric analysis. J Test Eval 37(4):364–370

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Yu T, Ding D, Sheng C, Tuerhongjiang T, Li Y (2017) Enhanced mechanical properties and flame retardancy of short jute fiber/poly (lactic acid) composites with phosphorus-based compound. Sci China Technol Sci 60(11):1716–1723

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Yu T, Li Y, Wang Y (2014) Flammability and mechanical properties of ramie reinforced poly (lactic acid) composites by using DOPO. J Eng Sci 10:9–18

    Google Scholar 

  85. Yu T, Ren J, Li S, Yuan H, Li Y (2010) Effect of fiber surface-treatments on the properties of poly (lactic acid)/ramie composites. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 41(4):499–505

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Yusoff RB, Takagi H, Nakagaito AN (2016) Tensile and flexural properties of polylactic acid-based hybrid green composites reinforced by kenaf, bamboo and coir fibers. Ind Crops Prod 94:562–573

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Yussuf AA, Massoumi I, Hassan A (2010) Comparison of polylactic acid/kenaf and polylactic acid/rise husk composites: the influence of the natural fibers on the mechanical, thermal and biodegradability properties. J Polym Environ 18(3):422–429

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Zhan M, Wool RP (2011) Mechanical properties of chicken feather fibers. Polym Compos 32(6):937–944

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Zhang Q, Shi L, Nie J, Wang H, Yang D (2012) Study on poly (lactic acid)/natural fibers composites. J Appl Polym Sci 125(S2):E526–E533

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Zhao Y, Qiu J, Feng H, Zhang M, Lei L, Wu X (2011) Improvement of tensile and thermal properties of poly (lactic acid) composites with admicellar-treated rice straw fiber. Chem Eng J 173(2):659–666

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Zhou N, Yao L, Liang Y, Yu B, Ye M, Shan Z, Qiu Y (2013) Improvement of mechanical properties of ramie/poly (lactic acid) (PLA) laminated composites using a cyclic load pre-treatment method. Ind Crops Prod 45:94–99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Zini E, Scandola M (2011) Green composites: an overview. Polym Compos 32(12):1905–1915

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials Engineering (Polymer Section), Institute for Nano-Engineering Research (INER), Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa

    Mokgaotsa Jonas Mochane & Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku

  2. Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa

    Teboho Clement Mokhena

  3. CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing, Polymers and Composites, Port Elizabeth, South Africa

    Teboho Clement Mokhena

  4. DST, CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa

    S. S. Ray & T. G. Mofokeng

  5. Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X 20539, Bloemfontein, South Africa

    Mokgaotsa Jonas Mochane & T. G. Mofokeng

Authors
  1. Mokgaotsa Jonas Mochane
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Teboho Clement Mokhena
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. S. S. Ray
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. T. G. Mofokeng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Mokgaotsa Jonas Mochane or Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dielectric Materials Division, Central Power Research Institute, Bengaluru, India

    Dhorali Gnanasekaran

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Mochane, M.J., Mokhena, T.C., Sadiku, E.R., Ray, S.S., Mofokeng, T.G. (2019). Green Polymer Composites Based on Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Fibers. In: Gnanasekaran, D. (eds) Green Biopolymers and their Nanocomposites. Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8063-1_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation