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Aligning National Development Strategies and Building a New Type of International Relationship: A Case Study of China’s Belt and Road Initiative

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Abstract

As a major part of its diplomatic pursuits in the new era and its ideal vision of “peaceful development”, China needs to build a new type of international relations that is oriented to win-win cooperation and conducive to the transformation of international systems and the world order. It will take great effort to accomplish this unprecedented undertaking for the benefit of later generations. As an extremely significant and effective approach to fulfilling this undertaking, the promotion of the alignment of national development strategies can foster and strengthen the strategic mutual trust between countries with different historical and cultural traditions, social systems and development levels and concepts, and can enhance the level and quality of international cooperation, with the ultimate goal being the achievement of a win-win outcome.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See Bo Guili, “On the Scientific Connotation of National Strategies,” China Administration, Vol. 7, 2015, pp. 70–75; Zhou Jianming and Wang Hailiang, “National Grand Strategies, National Security Strategies and National Interests,” World Economy and Politics, Vol. 4, 2002, pp. 21–26.

  2. 2.

    “Docking” was originally a concept of space science. “It means that two or more flying space craft (space shuttles, spaceships, etc.) converge and combine into one.” Dictionary Editing Office, Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Modern Chinese Dictionary (Chinese–English Bilingual), Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2002, p. 491.

  3. 3.

    Yang Jiechi, “Deepening Mutual Trust and Strengthening Alignment to Co-Build the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road,” http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_chn/ziliao_611306/zyjh_611308/t1249710.shtml, May 9, 2015.

  4. 4.

    Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, eds., Liu Dongguo and Yu Jun, trans., Ideas and Foreign Policy, Beijing: Peking University Press, 2005, p. 3.

  5. 5.

    Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping and Jiang Zemin’s Outlook on Scientific Development, Beijing: Central Literature Press, Party Building Books Publishing House, 2008; Party Literature Research Center, Excerpts of Important Statements on Scientific Outlook on Development, Beijing: Central Literature Press, Party Building Books Publishing House, 2008; Li Lasheng, Research on National Development Strategies of the Communist Party of China, Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2013.

  6. 6.

    Zhao Changqing, “Kazakhstan’s Strategy 2030/2050 and Discussing Its Leapfrog Development,” Journal of Xinjiang Normal University (Philosophy and Social Science Edition), Vol. 3, 2013, pp. 37–42.

  7. 7.

    Feng Weijiang and Cai Dan, “Mongolia’s National Comprehensive Development Strategy and China’s Economic and Trade Strategy to Mongolia,” China Market, Vol. 16, 2011, pp. 87–95.

  8. 8.

    Dmitri Trenin, Post-Imperium: A Eurasian Story, Han Ning, trans., Beijing: Xinhua Publishing House, 2015; Xu Poling, “A New Strategy for Russian National Development,” International Economic Review, Vol. 3, 2012, pp. 45–58; Pang Dapeng, “Russia’s Development Road,” Russian Studies, Vol. 2, 2012, pp. 53–81.

  9. 9.

    The Publicity Department of the CPC Central Committee, ed., Collection of Important Speeches by General Secretary Xi Jinping, Beijing: Xue Xi Publishing Housing, People’s Publishing House, 2014, p. 154.

  10. 10.

    “Considering the Overall Domestic and International Situations, Laying a Solid Foundation for the Road of Peaceful Development,” Guangming Daily, January 30, 2013, 1st edition.

  11. 11.

    “Xi Jinping meets with Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbayev, pointing out that a deeper China-Kazakhstan strategic partnership is promising,” http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_chn/zyxw_602251/t1157486.shtml, July 19, 2015.

  12. 12.

    Although the basic dimension of national interests has remained unchanged for a long time, its specific content has changed with the changing of the times and the country’s strength, status and willingness. For example, as countries are racing in the fields of outer space, deep sea exploration and internet, the scope and content of the national interests of related countries have undergone significant changes. As another example, with the vigorous promotion of the business “going out” strategy, China continues to expand the scope and enrich the content of its overseas interests.

  13. 13.

    Cao Dejun, “Generation of Trust between Countries: A Process-oriented Social Network Analysis,” Contemporary Asia-Pacific Studies, Vol. 5, 2010, p. 125. Research shows that “there is a positive correlation between the degree of trust and the institutional level of cooperation.” Yin Jiwu, Shaping Social Cognition and Alliance Trust, Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Publishing House, 2009, p. 115.

  14. 14.

    “Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st Century Maritime Silk Road,” people.com.cn, http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2015/0328/c70731-26764643.html, August 23, 2015.

  15. 15.

    Li Jianmin, The Silk Road Economic Belt, Eurasian Economic Union and Sino-Russian Cooperation, pp. 11–12.

  16. 16.

    “Joint Statement of the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the Joint Cooperation of the Construction of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the Eurasian Economic Union,” http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_chn/zyxw_602251/t1262143.shtml, May 9, 2015.

  17. 17.

    “Mid-term Roadmap for Development of Trilateral Cooperation of the People’s Republic of China, the Russian Federation and Mongolia,” http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_chn/zyxw_602251/t1280229.shtml, July 19, 2015.

  18. 18.

    “Xi Jinping meets Putin: China and Russia should continue to maintain high-level strategic cooperation in SCO,” http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2015/0709/c70731-27278218.html, July 20, 2015.

  19. 19.

    “Investment and finance have become the new growth points for Sino-Russian economic trade cooperation,” http://news.xinhuanet.com/finance/2015-06/18/c_1115660424.htm, August 17, 2015.

  20. 20.

    “Russia is expected to open strategic industries to China, a new chapter for Sino-Russian investment cooperation,” http://news.xinhuanet.com/2015-03/02/c_1114492774.htm, August 17, 2015. Russia’s 2008 law stipulates that foreign investment in the country’s strategic industrial companies shall not exceed 50%. If foreign investors wish to obtain a controlling stake of more than 10%, they must file with the Federal Anti-monopoly Service (FAS) of Russia and be subject to review by an interdepartmental committee led by the Federal Security Council of Russia. As such, the Russian side clearly makes a friendly gesture to China this time. In addition, Chinese investors will be given more favors in Russia than Western investors.

  21. 21.

    In the first quarter of this year, the RUB/RMB exchange amount has increased more than five-fold year-on-year, and the number of Russian companies that opened renminbi accounts rose significantly. According to data provided by the Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China, in the first five months of this year, the amount of settlement in local currency between Chinese and Russian enterprises has quadrupled year-on-year. See “Investment and finance have become the new growth points for Sino-Russian economic trade cooperation.”

  22. 22.

    For details, see Liu Chang, “Re-focusing on the Ocean: Comment on Indonesia’s Global Maritime Axis Vision,” http://www.ciis.org.cn/chinese/2015-06/10/content_7979599.htm, July 19, 2015.

  23. 23.

    “Xi Jinping meets Indonesian President, emphasizing the promotion of sustainable and sound development of China-Indonesia comprehensive strategic partnership,” http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2015/03-26/7162209.shtml, July 19, 2015.

  24. 24.

    “Joint Press Communique between the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Indonesia (full text),” http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_chn/zyxw_602251/t1257081.shtml, July 21, 2015.

  25. 25.

    “China and the US are the largest export market and import source to Indonesia respectively,” http://www.cic.mofcom.gov.cn/ciweb/cic/info/Article.jsp?a_no=380740&col_no=459; “China will invest a total of US$ 100 billion in Indonesia,” http://www.cic.mofcom.gov.cn/ciweb/cic/info/Article.jsp?a_no=380145&col_no=459, August 25, 2015.

  26. 26.

    “Joint Press Communique between the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Indonesia (full text),” http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_chn/zyxw_602251/t1257081.shtml, July 6, 2015.

  27. 27.

    “Li Keqiang meets President of Kazakhstan, willingness to participate in the Bright Path initiative of Kazakhstan,” http://news.china.com.cn/world/2014-12/15/content_34315248.htm, July 19, 2015.

  28. 28.

    “Xi Jinping holds talks with President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev,” http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2015/0507/c1024-26965829.html, July 19, 2015.

  29. 29.

    “China and Kazakhstan sign capacity cooperation projects worth of US$ 23.6 billion,” http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2015/0329/c70731-26765355.html, July 19, 2015.

  30. 30.

    “China-Kazakhstan capacity cooperation: a new specimen of Li Keqiang’s pragmatic diplomacy,” http://news.xinhuanet.com/2015-03/29/c_1114799174.htm, August 24, 2015.

  31. 31.

    “Exclusive interview with President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj of Mongolia: Mongolia wishes to further enhance strategic partnership level with China,” http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2014-08/19/c_1112127543.htm, July 21, 2015.

  32. 32.

    “President Xi Jinping delivers a speech at the State Great Khural of Mongolia,” http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2014-08/22/c_1112195359.htm, May 10, 2015.

  33. 33.

    “China’s Belt and Road initiative helps Mongolia pave the Prairie Road,” http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2015-04/23/c_1115066487.htm, May 9, 2015.

  34. 34.

    “Ambassador Yao Peisheng: The Belt and Road Initiative is exposed to political instability in Central Asia,” http://ydyl.takungpao.com/spft/2015-07/3037868.html, August 23, 2015.

  35. 35.

    Peter J. Katzenstein, Robert O. Keohane, and Stephan D. Krasner, eds., Explanation and Contestation in the Study of World Politics, Qin Yaqing et al., trans., Shanghai: Shanghai Century Publishing Group, 2006, pp. 120–135.

  36. 36.

    Han Fangming ed., An Introduction to Public Diplomacy, Beijing: Peking University Press, 2011, p. 7.

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Cungang, W. (2020). Aligning National Development Strategies and Building a New Type of International Relationship: A Case Study of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. In: Men, H. (eds) On China's Road. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7880-5_10

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