General Conclusion

Abstract

This book assumed the ecology is the overall system that encompasses the economic subsystem. According to this assumption, the TPES flows into the economic system of a country, and after satisfaction of human needs, emits undesired outcomes into the environment. This book conducted several qunatitive approaches to analyze the overall energy system in which the ultimate loop of this system is the satisfaction of human needs. The book provided a QoL indicator as a proxy for human needs satisfaction, and then analyzed its variation against TPES (the first point of energy system) and also FEC. The results of analysis in previous chapters proposed three global energy policies with different priorities in three types of countries, developed, developing, and pre-developing. Eco-sufficiency, eco-efficiency, and energy poverty reduction were three global energy policies extracted through quntitative analysis of the existing book. Applying these three energy policies in the global energy strategy will provide sustainability in the energy generation and consumption system of the world countries which follows the energy-related golas of the SDGs. This chapter introduces smart energy systems and distributed generation systems as options to conduct three global energy policies in line with the purposes of both SDGs and the Paris Agreement. Of course, this chapter does not provide detail information about either smart energy system or distributed generation system, and just describes their mechanisms briefly, and provides various references for the enthusiast reader.                                                                                                                                Keywords: Overall energy system, smart energy system, Distributed generation technologies.             

Appendix 1: List of Some Smart Energy Projects in the World

Project name	Dates	Budget	#of customers/project size	Hardware/software technologies			Project aims
				AMI (Advanced metering infrastructure)	Distributed generation	Load management
Albuquerque Micro-grid Project [5]	2009–2014	$22 million (NEDO)a	300 kW	Sensors for controlling energy use inside the building	PV, fuel cell, natural gas-powered generator, battery storage system	Customer System includes Information and control technologies	Integrating large volumes of renewable energy into the power distribution system
Bornholm Micro-grid Project [6]	2011–2015	€21.7 million (European Union’s 7th framework program)	Island serving around 28,000 customers (mixture of residential, commercial, and small industrial loads)/112.5 MW (55 MW peak load)	Advanced metering, smart appliances	14 diesel generators, 1 oil-fired steam turbine, 1 CHP, 35 wind turbines, 2 biogas turbines, Solar PV, electric vehicle battery storage	In-home displays (IHDs) system, home area networks (HANs) system	real-time pricing and automated demand response to fully accommodate high penetrations of renewable energy
Borrego Springs Microgrid Project [7]	2008–2013	$20.2 million (58% DOE, 42% non-DOE)	Serving 615 customers/4 MW (at the next step 4 MW capacity was added)	Advanced metering, smart appliances, and meter data management systems (MDMS)	2 diesel generators, 1 large battery, 3 smaller batteries, home energy storage units, rooftop solar PV	Outage Management System/Distribution Management System (OMS/DMS), HANs system.	15% load reduction during the night-time peak of the circuit, integrated distributed energy resources, advanced energy storage, and price driven load management
Fort Collins Micro-grid Project [8]	2008–2013	$11,797,949 (57% DOE, 43 non-DOE)	Reduction in the maximum annual peak load as much as 3 MW (based on the annual peak load in 2010)/3.5 MW	99,000 smart meters, MDMS	Natural gas, diesel and biogas engine gensets, solar PV, CHP, microturbines, fuel cells, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, thermal storage	Load shedding, DMS, in-home or in-business displays (IHDs, IBDs),	Reducing peak load by monitoring, aggregation, and verification of total energy system, reducing energy consumption by predicting near-term load profiles for medium-large buildings, early identification of anomalous behavior of equipment
JUMPSmartMaui Project [9]	2011–2018	$73 million ($23 million by DOE, $50 million by NEDO)	High penetration wind and solar (72 MW wind/72 MW solar)	ADMS (Advance distribution management system which consists of Load Forecasting, Renewable Forecasting, Network Planning, Network Reconfiguration, Relay Protection, Fault Calculation, Volt/VAR Control, FLISR, Harmonic Indices, DER Operation, Load Shedding, and Isolated Operation)	Wind power, PV, thermal power, battery, EV	Power Conditioning System, EVECC (EV Energy Control Center), DLC devices (Direct load control), water heater, Energy Efficiency, Cyber Security, μEMS	• Increase renewables by distributed energy resource (DER) management • Manage electric power quality by control of DERs • Develop solutions for high penetration of electric vehicles on the grid
Kythnos Microgrid Project [10]	1998–2001 (Initial project was launched in 1982-2001)	a/European FP 5 Microgrids program, Germany	2000 inhabitants in small village scale/10 KW Solar, 53 KW Diesel, 32 KWh Storage, and 500 kW wind energy	Computer equipment and the communication hardware	Solar panel, Diesel genset, battery storage, and wind energy	An agent-based software/hardware was composed of an Intelligent Load Controller (ILC) used to monitor the status of the house power line, monitoring voltage, current and frequency values to manage energy usage	Test centralized and decentralized control strategies for islanding
Los Alamos Microgrid Project [11]	2009–2014	$52 million ($37 million NEDO, USA $15 million)	2000 homes/A 1 MW solar photovoltaic array and 1.8 MW/8.3 MWh battery system	High-speed PLC, MDMS, smart meter, communication network	PV, backup battery	μEMS, Smart House includes IHDs, price signal	Smooth and reliable operation of the power system using the μEMS to couple the demand response with the utility scale
Mannheim-Wallstadt (MVV) Microgrid Project [8]	2006–2009	€ 4.68 million (European FP 6 and private investors)	1200 inhabitants/24.2 kW	Electronic meters, Decision support tool	– 4.7 kW fuel cell – 3.8 kW solar PV system – 1.2 kW flywheel storage unit – Two CHP units rated at 9 kW and 5.5 kW (electrical) – DR on water pumps, air conditioner	Smart house, Intelligent agent-based control, Web services, DSL Modem for forwarding of grid data to a central position	MVV tested the ability of the microgrid to switch into islanding mode at Mannheim-Wallstadt Kindergarten.
Marble Bar and Nullagine Microgrid Project [12]	2010–2011	$4.9 million (Australian Government funding)	Generate 1048 MWh per year/506.25 kWp across two sites	–	Solar panel, diesel generators, flywheel short term storage	–	• Offsets use of diesel by 35-45% • Saves 1100 tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions per year • Provides 30% per cent of the annual energy for both towns
Penetanguishene MiDAS Microgrid project [13]	2015–2017	$4.5 Million (KEPCO $2.7 million, PowerStream $1.8 million)	Population of just under 10,000/500 kWh battery, 750 kW Power Conversion System (PCS)	Autonomous Microgrid Controller, MDMS	Lithium Ion, Samsung batteries (added into the substation)	Distribution Automation Functions, load forecasting and scheduling,	Mitigate a vast majority of the short-term outages on the selected feeder, reduce the electricity purchasing cost, reducing the electricity outage from 10 min to two minutes
Pecan Street Project [14]	2010–2015	$27.4 million by DOE	1115 active homes and businesses, 250 solar homes and 65 electric vehicle owners	Automated meter information, energy routers, advanced billing platforms	solar PV in select homes, plug-in electric vehicles	HEMS (home energy management system), cyber security protocol	Deploying price models, reducing CO2 emissions
Tonga Vaini Microgrid Project [15]	2013–2015	1.57 billion yen by JICA	/solar panel with 1 MW capacity	Microgrid control device, remote control, high-speed power meter	Lithium-ion capacitor, PV, Diesel generator	–	Reduce by some 30% the peak power usage during summer days, estimated saving less than 540, 000 L of diesel per year
Xcel Energy SmartGridCity [16]	2008–present	$44.5–$44.8 million (budget in 2011)	23,000 inhabitants/	smart meters, MDMS, Smart plugs that enable hybrid/electric vehicles to supply energy, communication network, smart thermostats	Modernizing the current power grid	Load management system by dynamic pricing model, IHDs,	Reduce energy consumption, reduce carbon emissions

1. ^aAuthor did not find other data