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Fibrinolytic Enzymes for Thrombolytic Therapy

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Therapeutic Enzymes: Function and Clinical Implications

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1148))

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases are a group of disorders consisting importantly of coronary heart disease, peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Severe cardiovascular disease conditions lead to acute myocardial infarction and stroke. One of the reasons for this is formation of blood clots inside the vessel. Anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs are used for managing cardiovascular diseases for a long time. However, they were unable to dissolve an existing thrombus. Fibrinolytic enzymes have become more substantial for treating cardiovascular diseases since they could lyse the fibrin clot within the blood vessel. Inability of plasma fibrinolytic system demands better thrombolytic drugs. Major thrombolytic enzymes belonging to plasminogen activators and plasmin like enzymes. Currently used fibrinolytic enzymes and their limitations are revisited in the present chapter. Reported enzymes from various sources with potential to be used as cardiovascular therapeutic is also discussed here.

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Abbreviations

°C:

Degree celsius

ADP:

Adenosine diphosphate

AIS:

Acute ischemic stroke

Ala:

Alanine

AMI:

Acute myocardial infarction

APAN:

p-amidinophenyl p-anisate hydrochloride

APSAC:

Anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex

Arg:

Arginine

Asn:

Asparagine

Asp:

Aspartic acid

ASSENT:

Assessment of Safety and Efficacy of a New Thrombolytic agent

AT:

Antithrombin III

BK:

Bacillokinase

bpDJ-2:

Bacillopeptidase DJ-2

CCU:

Coronary care units

CDP:

Codium diaricatum protease

CHO:

Chinese Hasmster Ovary

CIP:

Codium intricatum protease

CLP:

Codium latum protease

COMPASS:

Comparative Trial of Saruplase Versus Streptokinase

COX:

Cyclooxygenase

Cys:

Cysteine

DIAS:

Desmoteplase in Acute Ischemic Stroke

DNA:

Deoxyribo nucleic acid

DSPAS:

Desmodus salivary plasminogen activators

ECLT:

Euglobulin clot lysis time

EDTA:

Eethylene diamine tetraacetic acid

EFE:

Eisenia fetida enzymes

EGF:

Epidermal growth factor

ESPRIT:

European/Australasian Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischaemia Trial

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

FFP:

Fomitella fraxinea proteases

GISSI:

Gruppo Italiano per la Sperimentazione della Streptochinasi nell’Infarto Miocardico

Gln:

Glutamine

Glu:

Glutamic acid

Gly:

Glycine

GP IIb-IIIa:

Glycoproteins (IIb-IIIa)

GUSTO:

Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries

His:

Histidine

HIT:

Heparin induced thrombocytopenia

Ile:

Isoleucine

InTIME-II:

Intravenous NPA for the treatment of infarcting myocardium early

ISIS:

International Study of Infarct Survival Collaborative Group

kDa:

Kilo daltons

Leu:

Leucine

LK:

Lumbrokinase

LMWHs:

Low molecular weight heparins

Lys:

Lysine

Met:

Methionine

MI:

Myocardial infarction

NK:

Nattokinase

NO:

Nitric oxide

n-PA:

Novel plasminogen activator

P2Y:

Puronogenic ADP receptors

PAGE:

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

PAIs:

Plasminogen activator inhibitors

PAs:

Plasminogen activators

PATT:

Partial thromboplastin time

PERSIST:

PERsistence Study of Ibandronate verSus alendronaTe

pH:

Hydrogen ion

PH2:

Prostaglnadin H2

Phe:

Phenylalanine

Pro:

Proline

PROCAT:

Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism

Pro-UK:

Pro-urokinase

r-PA:

Recombinant plasminogen activator

r-proUK:

Recombinant prourokinase

r-SAK:

Recombinant staphylokinase

rSK:

Recombinant streptokinase

rt-PA:

Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator

SAK:

Staphylokinase

Scu-PA:

Single chain urokinase plasminogen activator

SDS:

Sodium dodecyl sulphate

Ser:

Serine

SERPINS:

Serine protease inhibitors

SESAM:

Study in Europe with Saruplase and Alteplase in Myocardial Infarction

SK:

Streptokinase

SP:

Serrapeptase

TAFI:

Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor

Thr:

Threonine

TIMI:

Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction

TNK:

Tenecteplase

t-PA:

Tissue-type plasminogen activator

Trp:

Tryptophan

TxA2:

Thromboxane A2

Tyr:

Tyrosine

u-PA:

Urokinase plasminogen activator

USA:

United States of America

USFDA:

United States Food and Drug Administration

Val:

Valine

vWF:

vonWillebrand factor

WHO:

World Health Organization

wt-SAK:

Wild type staphylokinase

α1-PI:

α1-Antitrypsin

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology & Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Kannur University, Palayad, Kerala, India

    Swaroop S. Kumar & Abdulhameed Sabu

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  1. Swaroop S. Kumar
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  2. Abdulhameed Sabu
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  1. Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Nikolaos Labrou

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Kumar, S.S., Sabu, A. (2019). Fibrinolytic Enzymes for Thrombolytic Therapy. In: Labrou, N. (eds) Therapeutic Enzymes: Function and Clinical Implications. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1148. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7709-9_15

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