Abstract
The two preceding chapters re-examined the consolidation of the Chinese merchants under the two groups, the Official Bureau and the Twelve Families Association. In this chapter, the focus will be turned on the management framework of the merchants engaging in trade with Nagasaki, especially during the period in which the two groups formed.
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Notes
- 1.
The Chinese term 行商 is also seen in the sources on Guangzhou trade in Qing China, referring to the merchants permitted by the Qing authorities to do business with foreign traders in Guangzhou. In this case, the pronunciation is Hangshang. This differs from the pronunciation Xingshang, even though the same Chinese characters are used.
- 2.
“Chen Dashou’s report without an unclear date” First Historical Archives of China (FHAC): 02-01-04-14541-001; “Chen Dashou’s report on the 29th day in the eleventh month Qianlong 8 (January 13, 1744)”, FHAC: 02-01-04-13591-005. The two seemed to be parts of one report, respectively the first half and the second half. “An Ning’s report on the 18th day of the eighth month Qianlong 12 (September 22, 1747)”: FHAC 02-01-04-14123-009.
- 3.
“Wang Shi’s report in the eighth month Qianlong 1 (September or October, 1736)”, FHAC: 04-01-35-1227-002.
- 4.
Tōsen Shinkō Kaitō Roku (a book recording much information on the departure and arrival of Chinese junks at Nagasaki port) in Nagasaki Museum of History and Culture (NMHC). The published version is included in Ōba Osamu (ed) (1984) Tōsen shinkō kaitō Roku, shimabarabon tōjin fūsetsugaki wappu tomechō (唐船進港回棹錄 ・ 島原本唐人風說書 ・ 割符留帳 : 近世日中交涉史料集). Osaka: Kansai University Press.
- 5.
“Rui Zheng’s report on the 18th day of the fifth month Qianlong 48 (June 17, 1783)”, GZDQL. Vol. 56, p. 187.
- 6.
“Rui Zheng’ report on the 21st day of the twelfth month Qianlong 47 (January 23, 1783)”, GZDQL. Vol. 54, p. 519; “E Mingyuan’s report on the 21st day of the third month Qianlong 48 (April 22, 1783)”, GZDQL. Vol. 55, p. 450.
- 7.
“The report of the Imperial Household Agency in Qianlong 48 without clear dates”, FHAC: 03-0787-041.
- 8.
A report without clear date and author, GZDQL, Vol. 64, pp. 561–562.
- 9.
A transcript of the official report submitted by Fei Cun on the 30th day of the eighth month Jiaqing 1 (September 30, 1796), FHAC: 03-1776-060.
- 10.
“The report of Gao Jin on the 7th day in the sixth month Qianlong 37 (July 7, 1772)”, FAHC: 04-01-35-1284-018.
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Peng, H. (2019). Internal Organization of Chinese Trading Groups in Relation to the Qing Authorities. In: Trade Relations between Qing China and Tokugawa Japan. Studies in Economic History. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7685-6_8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7685-6_8
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