Abstract
As mentioned in the previous chapter, from the middle of the eighteenth century, two merchant groups, the Official Bureau and the Twelve Families Association, engaged in and monopolized the junk trade with Japan for nearly a century. Chapter 6 focused on one of the two, the Official Bureau, and examined the process of its formation and development. This chapter will shift the focus of the discussion to the Twelve Families.
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Notes
- 1.
“Yin Jishan’s report on the 27th day of the fifth month Qianlong 2 (June 24, 1737)”, First Historical Archives of China (FHAC): 04-01-35-1227-011.
- 2.
“The report of Yunlu and other officials on the 10th day of the seventh month Qianlong 2 (August 5, 1737)”, FHAC: 04-01-35-1227-013.
- 3.
“Ji Zengyun’s report on the 15th day of the eleventh month Qianlong 2 (February 3, 1737)”, FHAC: 04-01-35-1227-019.
- 4.
“Li Wei’s report on the 16th day of the second month Qianlong 3 (April 4, 1738)”, FHAC: 04-01-35-1227-027.
- 5.
“The report of Hai Wang and other officials of the Ministry of Revenue on the 25th day of the second month Qianlong 3 (April 13, 1738)”, FHAC: 04-01-35-1228-001.
- 6.
“Lu Zhuo’s report on the 13th day of the twelfth month Qianlong 4 (January 11, 1740)”, FHAC: 04-01-35-1230-007; “Zhang Qu’s report on the 21st day of the third month Qianlong 5 (April 17, 1740)”, FHAC: 04-01-35-1230-016.
- 7.
“Zhang Qu’s report”, Ibid.
- 8.
“The report of Na Qin and some other officials of the Ministry of Revenue on the 16th day of the fourth month Qianlong 5 (May 11, 1740)”, FHAC: 04-01-35-1231-001.
- 9.
“The report to the emperor of E’rtai and some other officials on the 24th day of the fourth month Qianlong 5 (May 19, 1740)”, FHAC: 04-01-35-1231-003; “Lu Zhuo’s report on the 9th day of the intercalary sixth month Qianlong 5 (August 1, 1740)”, FHAC: 02-169-13257-11.
- 10.
“Ce Lengge’s report on the 21st day of the first month Qianlong 9 (March 4, 1744)”, FHAC: 04-01-35-1234-005.
- 11.
“Zhuang Yougong’s report on the 2nd day of the twelfth month Qianlong 19 (Feb. 23, 1754)”, Gongzhongdang Qianlongchao Zouzhe (GZDQL, Chap. 6, Note 10) Vol. 10, p. 200-201.
- 12.
The report of De Pei and Wang Shiren on the 13th day in the second month Qianlong 5 (March 10, 1740), FAHC: 04-01-35-1230-011.
- 13.
“Yunnan Provincial Governor Ming De’s Report on the 15th day of the sixth month Qianlong 33 (July 28, 1768)”, GZDQL Vol. 31, pp. 35–36.
- 14.
“Liangjiang Governor-General Gaojin’s Report on the 11th day of the tenth month Qianlong 34 (November 8, 1769)”, FHAC: 04-01-35-1272-031.
- 15.
“Minzhe Governor-General Cui Yingjie’s Report on the 19th day of the twelfth month Qianlong 34 (January 15, 1770)”, FHAC: 04-01-35-1273-021.
- 16.
“Minzhe Governor-General Cui Yingjie’s Report on the 26th day of the sixth month Qianlong 35 (August 16, 1770)”, FHAC: 04-01-35-1276-009.
- 17.
“Minzhe Governor-General Zhongyin and some other officials’ Reports on the 1st day of the tenth month Qianlong 36 (November 7, 1771)”, FHAC: 04-01-35-1281-019. “Interim Deputy Jiangsu Provincial Governor Sazai’s Report on the 19th day of the eleventh month Qianlong 36 (December 24, 1771)”, FHAC: 04-01-35-1281-036. “Minzhe Governor-General Zhongyin’s Report on the 25th day of the third month Qianlong 37 (April 27, 1772)”, FHAC. 04-01-35-1283-016. “Minzhe Governor-General Zhongyin and some other Officials’ Report on the 15th day of the fourth month Qianlong 37 (May 17, 1772)”, FHAC: 04-01-35-1283-023. “Jiangsu Provisional Provincial Governor Sazai’s Report on the 28th day of the eleventh month Qianlong 37 (December 22, 1772),” FHAC: 04-01-35-1286-030. “Jiangsu Provincial Governor Sazai’s Report on the 24th day of the sixth month Qianlong 38 (August 12, 1773)”, FHAC: 04-01-35-1289-019.
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Peng, H. (2019). The Consolidation of Private Chinese Merchants into the Twelve Families Association. In: Trade Relations between Qing China and Tokugawa Japan. Studies in Economic History. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7685-6_7
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