Abstract
As mentioned in the previous chapters, Dutch and the Chinese merchants became the main trade partners of Tokugawa Japan from the middle of the seventeenth century. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) controlled Dutch trade with Japan. On the Chinese merchants’ side, there was a shift from dispersed management to unified management. As a result, two monopolistic trading groups in close cooperation with each other appeared in the middle of the eighteenth century.
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- 1.
Pingding Zhunger Fanglue 平定準格爾方略 (strategy for the pacification of the Dzungars). The Palace Museum (ed.) (2000) Haikou: Hainan Publishing House, pp. 214–215.
- 2.
Ibid.
- 3.
“Nasutu’s report (tiben 題本) on the 17th day of the third month Qinlong 4 (April 24, 1739)”, First Historical Archives of China (FHAC): 02-01-04-13202-013.
- 4.
“The report of the Ministry of Revenue on the 29th of the first month Qianong 9 (March 12, 1744)”, FHAC: 04-01-35-1234-007, and Zhang Weiren (ed.) (1986–1995) Ming Qing dang’an (Archives of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, 明清檔案, MQD) 324 vols., Taipei: Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica), A129-35.
- 5.
For the institutions of the ginseng and “shenpiao” management, see Sun 2014.
- 6.
“Fan Yuqi’s report on the 15th day of the second month Qianlong 11 (March 6, 1746)”, FHAC: 04-01-35-1237-002.
- 7.
Nagasaki Jitsuroku Taisei (Chap. 5, Note 2) p. 272.
- 8.
Matsuura and Liu assume the year of death was between 1745 and 1747 (Chinese calendar), based on the fact that the name Fan Yubin was deleted in the related sources. See Matsuura 2002 and Liu 1986. Hua Li argued that it should be the 15th day of the second month, Qianlong 10 (March 17, 1745), based on the Fan Yuqi’s report. See Hua 2011.
- 9.
“Fan Yuqi’s report on the 22nd day of the sixth month Qianlong 10 (July 21 1745)”, FHAC: 04-01-16-0023-011.
- 10.
“Fusong’s report on the 22nd day of the fifth month Qianlong 48 (June 21, 1783)”, Gongzhongdang Qianlongchao Zouzhe 宮中檔乾隆朝奏摺 (Secret Palace Memorials of the Qianlong Period, GZDQL), Taipei: National Palace Museum, 1982–1988, Vol. 56, pp. 252–253.
- 11.
“Min’eyuan’s report on the 21st day of the third month Qianlong 48 (April 22, 1783)” Ibid. Vol. 55, pp. 447–450; “Wang Zhiyin’s report on the 18th day of the fifth month Jiaqing 11 (July 4, 1806)”, FHAC: 04-01-35-1353-041.
- 12.
“Zhengrui’s report on the 12th day in the first month Qianlong 48 (February 13, 1783)”, GZDQL, Vol. 54, p. 699.
- 13.
“Zhengrui’s report on the 6th day of the eleventh month Qianlong 47 (December 10, 1782)”, GZDQL, Vol. 53, pp. 684–686.
- 14.
Ibid.
- 15.
“Zhengrui’s report on 21st day of the twelfth month Qianlong 47 (January 23, 1782)”, GZDQL, Vol. 54, pp. 517–519. “Zhengrui’s report on the 16th day of the second month Qianlong 48 (March 18, 1783)”, GZDQL, Vol. 55, pp. 164–167.
- 16.
“Mutengge’s report on the 12th day of the fifth month Qianlong 52 (Jun. 26, 1787)”, GZDQL, Vol. 64, pp. 357–359.
- 17.
“Mutengge’s report without an unclear date”, GZDQL, Vol. 64, pp. 561–562.
- 18.
“Kaerjishan’s report on the 15th day of the fourth month Qianlong 17 (May 28, 1752), GZDQL, Vol. 2, pp. 688–689. The owner of the wrecked ship was recorded as “Qian Mingcui, a merchant from Zhejiang Gui’an”.
- 19.
“Gaojin’s report on the 7th day in the sixth month Qianlong 37 (July 7, 1772)”, FHAC: 04-01-35-1284-018.
- 20.
“Suringga’s report on the 27th day in the first month Jiaqing 2 (February 23, 1797)”, FHAC: 04-01-03-1853-019.
- 21.
Previous studies have pointed out that, Qian Jishan had been engaged in the Nagasaki trade as an official merchant, based on the date written in a trading pass issued by the Maritime Custom House of Zhejiang province (Matsuura 2002 and Liu 1986). “Suringga’s report” also shows that Qian Mingcui had died by this time (February 23, 1797). According to all of these sources, we can conclude that Mingcui died in 1795, or fell into a critical condition in 1795 and died the next year.
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Peng, H. (2019). Copper Trading by Qing China’s Official Merchants and Affiliated Trading Group. In: Trade Relations between Qing China and Tokugawa Japan. Studies in Economic History. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7685-6_6
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