Abstract
In 1877, Ferdinand von Richthofen, a German geographer, defined the traffic route linking China, Transoxiana in Central Asia and India mainly for silk trade during Western Han and Eastern Han Dynasties as “Silk Roads” in the Volume I of his book China: The Results of My Travels and the Studies Based Thereon, he thought the economic and cultural exchange on the land and sea developed in the folk was the main reason for the flourish of the “Silk Road”, but as the western countries knew more and more about China and China’s cognition of the world reduced since the Yuan Dynasty, China gradually walked to isolation and declined in the Qing Dynasty.
Part of the article was issued in The Belt and Road Initiative in the View of Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics by Gao Fei, in the third issue of Economic Science Press, 2015.
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Notes
- 1.
Waugh (2007).
- 2.
Hermann (1935).
- 3.
Liu (2013).
- 4.
Yan (2015).
- 5.
Data about China’s Imported Gas in the First Half Year in 2015, website of the National Development and Reform Commission, July 31, 2015, http://gas.in-en.com/html/gas-2307300.shtml, logged in on October 10, 2015.
- 6.
Yang (2015).
- 7.
Li and Sun (2014).
- 8.
Zhao (2015).
- 9.
Berggruen and Gardels (2014).
- 10.
By [U.S.] Nicholas Berggruen, Nathan Gardels: Intelligent Governance: Golden Mean between the East and West in 21 Century (translated by Zhu Xinwei), Shanghai: Truth & Wisdom Press, Shanghai People’s Publishing House, 2013, Page 171.
- 11.
By [Ancient Greece] History of the Peloponnesian War (translated by XuSongyan, etc.), Nanning: Guangxi Normal University Press, 2004.
- 12.
Qin (2015).
- 13.
Zheng (2012).
- 14.
Shao (2015).
- 15.
2014 Trade Volume between China and Countries along the “One Belt and One Road” Reached USD1.12trillion, www.askci.com, May 5, 2015, http://www.askci.com/news/finance/2015/05/05/21417cjph.shtml, logged in on October 11, 2015.
- 16.
Directory of China’s National Economic and Technological Development Zones and Economic Cooperation Zones at Boarder, website of the Ministry of Commerce, July 23, 2015, http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/xglj/kaifaqu.shtml, logged in on October 1, 2015.
- 17.
Chen (2014).
- 18.
Zhang et al. (2015).
- 19.
The 16 countries are: Singapore, Russia, Kazakhstan, Indonesia, Myanmar, Mongolia, Iran, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia and United Arab Emirates. Refer to Ding Dong: The First Ranking List of Investment Value in Countries along “One Belt and One Road” by China Think Tanks, www.chinanews.com, March 21, 2015, http://finance.huanqiu.com/roll/2015-03/5970080.html, logged in on June 25, 2015.
- 20.
Tian (2015).
- 21.
Liang (2013).
- 22.
Sun (2015).
- 23.
Joint Statement between the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation on Cooperation in Construction of Conjugation of the Eurasian Economic Union and the “Silk Road Economic Belt”, Xinhua News Agency, May 8, 2015 http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2015-05/09/content_2859384.htm, logged in on October 31, 2015.
- 24.
Huang (2015).
- 25.
Liu (2015).
- 26.
Cui (2015).
- 27.
Fang (2015).
- 28.
Wang (2015b).
- 29.
Xie (2015).
- 30.
Rong (2015).
- 31.
Liu (2015).
- 32.
Wang (2015a).
- 33.
Zhang (2015b).
- 34.
Pan (2015).
- 35.
Wei (2013).
- 36.
Qian and Yu (2013).
- 37.
It is usually considered that there are altogether over 60 countries or regions along the Belt and Road, including four countries in Northeast Asia(Mongolia, Russia, Japan and South Korea), 11 countries in ASEAN (Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Brunei, Philippines, East Timor), 18 countries in west Asia and North Africa (Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Greece, Cyprus and Egypt), 8 countries in South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Nepal and Bhutan), 5 countries in Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Kyrghyzstan), 6 countries in CIS (Ukraine, Belarus, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Moldova), 16 countries in Central and Eastern Europe (Poland, Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, Romania, Bulgaria and Macedonia). However, Professor Zhao Lei of the International Institute For Strategic Studies of Central Party School believes that: It is inaccurate to express like this. There are more than 230 countries in the world, and those who are committed to the Belt and Road Initiative are Silk Road countries. He advocated the use of “65 plus” to summarize the Silk Road countries, of which countries and regions like America and Latin America were also included. See One Belt One Road 100: The Views on the Belt and Road from the Perspective of 100 Experts, Phoenix New Media, http://news.ifeng.com/opinion/bigstory/special/100expertadviceforobor2015/, logged on June 22, 2015.
- 38.
Jin et al. (2014).
- 39.
Piao (2015).
- 40.
Jia et al. (2014).
- 41.
Xu (2015).
- 42.
Zheng (2015).
- 43.
Zhang (2015a).
- 44.
Zhao (2014).
- 45.
Zhang (2015a).
- 46.
Gao (2015).
- 47.
Wang (2015c).
- 48.
Zhou (2014).
- 49.
Han (2015).
- 50.
Joint Communique on the Establishment of All-weather Strategic Partnership between The People’s Republic of China and Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Ministry of National Defense Net, April 20, 2015, http://news.mod.gov.cn/headlines/2015-04/21/content_4581053.htm, logged in on October 18, 2015.
- 51.
Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road, Xinhua Net, March 28, 2015, http://news.xinhuanet.com/gangao/2015-06/08/c_127890670.htm, logged in on October 18, 2015.
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Liu (2014).
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Gao, F., Li, L. (2019). The Belt and Road Initiative Under the Diplomacy Perspective of the Great Power with Chinese Characteristics. In: Liu, W., Zhang, H. (eds) Regional Mutual Benefit and Win-win Under the Double Circulation of Global Value. Global Economic Synergy of Belt and Road Initiative. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7656-6_3
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