Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Silviculture of Pterocarpus santalinus

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Red Sanders: Silviculture and Conservation

  • 152 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter deals with silviculture of red sanders, one of the finest luxury timbers in the globe. P. santalinus is limited to Southern tropical dry deciduous forests at altitude ranging from 150 to 900 m. Details of geoclimatic factors like climatic conditions, topography, geology, and soil where the tree is naturally distributed are mentioned. Phenological details, natural regeneration, and vegetative methods of propagation are discussed. Silvicultural practices, diseases, and population studies are highlighted.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahmed M, Nayar MP (1984) Red sanders tree (Pterocarpus santalinus Linn.f.) on the verge of depletion. Bull Bot Surv India 26:142–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Ankalaiah C, Mastan T, Reddy MS (2017) A study on the density, population structure and regeneration of red sanders Pterocarpus santalinus (Fabales: Fabaceae) in a protected natural habitat – Sri Lankamalleswara wildlife sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh, India. J Threatened Taxa 9(9):10669–10674. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.2869.9.9.10669-10674

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azamthulla M, Rajkapoor B, Kavimani S (2015) A review on Pterocarpus santalinus Linn.f. World J Pharm Res 4(2):282–292

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhagyaraj A (2017) Red sanders invisible activities in Chittoor district: a case study. Int J Adv Res 5(9):1073–1080

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Champion HG, Seth SK (1968) A revised survey of forest types of India. Govt. of India Press, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandrashekara R (1996) Propagation studies of economically important tree species. MSc (Agri) thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore

    Google Scholar 

  • Davi H, Gillmann M, Ibanez T, Cailleret M, Bontemps A, Fady B, Lefevre F (2011) Diversity of leaf unfolding dynamics among tree species: new insights from a study along an altitudinal gradient. Agric For Meteorol 151:1504–1513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dayanand T, Lohidas T (1988) Effect of different treatments on pod germination of Red Sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus Linn. f). Indian J For 11:87–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Dent TV (1948) Indian forest records. Silviculture. Vol. 7, No 1. Seed storage, with particular reference to the storage of seed of Indian forest plants. The Manager of Publications, Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Egbe EA, Chuyong GB, Fonge AB, Tata BL, Tabot PT (2012) The effects of different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on leafy stem cuttings of four tropical timber species. J Hort For 4(5):85–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernando KCE, Oayatilake GA, Senaratne R (2000) Studies on the propagation of red sandal wood (Pterocarpus santalinus Linn.f.) an endangered medicinal tree species, Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Forestry and Environment Symposium of the Department of Forestry and Environmental Science. University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka

    Google Scholar 

  • GOI (2014) Ministry of India. Ministry of Environment and Forest Publications. Red sanders. http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/Chap-8-new.pdf

  • Habou R, Bationo BA, Laouali A, Segla KN, Adjonou K, Kokutse AD, Mahamane A, Kokou K (2017) Vegetative propagation by aerial layering of Pterocarpus erinaceus: in the Sudanian zone. Int J Recent Adv Multidiscip Res 4(10):2902–2908

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardiansyah G, Ruslandi Hidayat D, Nugraha A, Mahardi M, Putz FE (2015) Clear bole lengths and crown characteristics of line-planted and naturally-regenerated Shorea leprosula trees: a case study from Kalimantan, Indonesia. J Trop For Sci 27(3):420–426

    Google Scholar 

  • Hegde M, Singh BG, Krishnakumar N (2012) Non-detriment findings (NDFs) study for Pterocarpus santalinus L. f. (Red Sanders) in India. Available at https://cites.org/sites/default/files/ndf_material/NDF%20Report_Pterocarpus%20santalinus_India.pdf

  • IFGTB (2011) Collection of quantitative field data through rapid assessment of population, growing stock and natural regeneration status of Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. for CITES non-detriment findings study. A Final Technical Report of completed project submitted to MoEF Govt. of India during November, 2011, p 116

    Google Scholar 

  • Jadhav SN, Reddy KN, Reddy CS (2001) Conservation assessment and management planning for medicinal plants of Andhra Pradesh. Medicinal plants conservation center (MPCC) and FRLHT. Hyderabad, pp 1–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Kala S, Kumaran K (2015) Improved clonal propagation techniques for mass multiplication of Bixa orellana L. Indian For 141(3):279–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Kedharnath S, Rawat MS, Uniyal DP, Lakshmikanthan D (1976) Studies on field grafting and the growth of the grafts in Red Sanders. Indian For 102(11):761–765

    Google Scholar 

  • Khurana E, Singh JS (2001) Ecology of tree seed and seedlings: implications for tropical forest conservation and restoration. Curr Sci 80(6):748–757

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kodigowda K (2002) Morphometry and standardization of propagation techniques in red sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus L.f.). Division of Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuehne C, Kublin E, Pyttel P, Bauhus J (2013) Growth and form of Quercus robur and Fraxinus excelsior respond distinctly to initial growing space: results from 24-year-old Nelder experiments. J For Res 24:1–14

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar ANA (2011) Variability studies in Pterocarpus santalinus in different aged plantations of Karnataka. My For 47(4):343–353

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar ANA, Joshi G (2014) Pterocarpus santalinus (Red Sanders) an endemic, endangered tree of India: current status, improvement and the future. J Trop For Environ 4(02):1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Sane PV (2003) Legumes of South Asia, a check-list. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

    Google Scholar 

  • Lakshminarasimhan P, Mondal MS (2012) A pictorial guide to some of the Indian plants included in the CITES and negative list of exports. Botanical Survey of India, Howrah, pp 22–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Leaky RRB, Simons AJ (1998) The domestication and commercialization of indigenous trees in agroforestry for alleviation of poverty. Agrofor Syst 38:165–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lowell EC, Maguire DA, Briggs DG, Turnblom EC, Jayawickrama KJS, Bryce J (2014) Effects of silviculture and genetics on branch/knot attributes of coastal Pacific Northwest Douglas-fir and implications for wood quality—a synthesis. Forests 5(7):1717–1736

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahammadh RV (2014) Smuggling of red sandal in India: a review study. Int J Econ Bus Rev 2(10):55–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulliken T, Crofton P (2008) Review of the status, harvest, trade and management of seven Asian CITES – listed medicinal and aromatic plant species. CITES

    Google Scholar 

  • Naidu CV, Rajendrudu G (2001) Influence of kinetin and nitrogenous salts on seed germination of red sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus Linn. f.). Seed Sci Technol 2:69–672

    Google Scholar 

  • National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) (2016) A study on comparison of natural and plantation grown red sanders wood. NBA, Chennai

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandey B, Gangrale D, Upadhyay N, Tiwari P (2014) Physiochemical analysis of Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. extracts. Indian J Sci Res 4(1):201–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel HS, Tandel MB, Prajapati VM, Amlani MH, Prajapati DH (2018) Effect of different pre-sowing treatments on germination of red sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus L.f.) in net house condition. Int J Chem Stud 6(2):876–879

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasad RCP, Reddy CS, Raza SH, Dutt CBS (2008) Population structure, age gradations, and regeneration status of Pterocarpus dalbergioides Roxb., an endemic species of Andaman Islands, India. Pac J Sci Technol 9:658–664

    Google Scholar 

  • Puri S, Khara (1992) Influence of maturity and physiological status of woody cuttings: limits and promises to ensure successful cloning. Indian For 118(8):560–572

    Google Scholar 

  • Raju KK, Nagaraju A (1999) Geobotany of red sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus): a case study from the southeastern portion of Andhra Pradesh. Environ Geol 37:340–344

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raju KK, Raju AN (2000) Biogeochemical investigation in south eastern Andhra Pradesh: the distribution of rare earths, thorium and uranium in plants and soils. Environ Geol 39(10):1102–1106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raju KK, Srinivasulu S (2008) The red sanders forestry: an environmental appraisal towards an effective legislation. In: Proceedings of ecocity world summit 2008, San Francisco

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy OSK (2018) Red sanders – Pterocarpus santalinus – Rakta chandan – the red gold – green wealth – an opportunity for Indian farming community – let’s explore. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/red-sanders-gold-green-wealth-future-generations-indian-osk-reddy/

  • Reddy K, Srivasuki KP (1990) Vegetative propagation of red sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus L.). Indian For 116(7):536–540

    Google Scholar 

  • Saha S, Kuehne C, Kohnle U, Bauhus J (2012) Growth and quality of young oaks (Quercus robur and Q. petraea) grown in cluster plantings in Central Europe: a weighted meta-analysis. For Ecol Manag 283:106–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saha S, Kuehne C, Bauhus J (2014) Intra- and interspecific competition differently influence growth and stem quality of young oaks (Quercus robur L. and Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl.). Ann For Sci 71:381–393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Senthilkumar N, Mayavel A, Subramani SP, Balaji K, Deenathayalan P (2015) Red sanders, Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. in Rajampet forest range, Rajampet forest division, Andhra Pradesh, India. Adv Appl Sci Res 6(10):130–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Shankar U (2001) A case of high tree diversity in a sal (Shorea robusta)-dominated lowland forest of Eastern Himalaya: floristic composition, regeneration and conservation. Curr Sci 81(7):776–786

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma A, Tiwari KP, Tiwari HC, Koshare M (2000) Pre-sowing seed treatments in Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. to enhance seed germination and seedling growth. J Trop For 16(2):23–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson AG, Bertin RI (1983) Male competition female choice and sexual selection in plants. In: Real (ed) Pollination biology. Academic, New York, pp 109–149

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Troup (1983) The silviculture of Indian Trees. Volume ΙV. Leguminosae. Printed by The Manager, Government of India Press, Nasik, Published by The Controller of Publications, Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • UNEP WCMC (2017) Report on species/country combinations selected for review by the Plants Committee following CoP16 P 22–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Vedavathy S (2004) Cultivation of endemic red sanders for international trade. Nat Prod Radiance 3(2):83–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenbin H, Xiufang S (2013) Tropical hardwood flows in China: case studies of rosewood and Okoume. For Trends Assoc, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Wood Science and Technology, ICFRE, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    B. N. Divakara & C. U. Nikhitha

Authors
  1. B. N. Divakara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. C. U. Nikhitha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India

    T. Pullaiah

  2. Department of IT, BT and S&T, Government of Karnataka, Karnataka Innovation & Technology Society, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    S. Balasubramanya

  3. Department of Biotechnology, Padmashree Institute of Management and Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    M. Anuradha

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Divakara, B.N., Nikhitha, C.U. (2019). Silviculture of Pterocarpus santalinus. In: Pullaiah , T., Balasubramanya , S., Anuradha , M. (eds) Red Sanders: Silviculture and Conservation. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7627-6_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation