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The EU-India Development Partnership: Legal Framework and Political Perspectives

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Open Markets, Free Trade and Sustainable Development

Abstract

Relations between India and the EU go back to the early 1960s and have evolved to a genuine development partnership. The paper gives an overview of this development by presenting the main features of the underlying legal and political instruments and by illustrating the European legal background of the partnership. One of the key demands of EU Law in this context is the implementation of the principle of complementarity which governs the relations between the EU development programs and the bilateral cooperation efforts of the Member States. Furthermore there will be a focus on the global legal framework of such development partnerships. In particular the principles adopted at the 4th High Level Forum on Aid-Effectiveness in Busan contain important guidelines for the further development of relations not only between both partners, but also—on the basis of so-called triangular cooperation programs—with other countries from the Global South.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    OECD Development Co-operation Directorate, Aid at a glance charts. Interactive summary charts by aid (ODA) recipients (India). https://public.tableau.com/views/OECDDACAidataglancebyrecipient_new/Recipients?:embed=y&:display_count=yes&:showTabs=y&:toolbar=no?&:showVizHome=no, accessed on 31 July 2017. India related development projects funded by the EU are listed at European Commission, International Cooperation and Development, India. http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/countries/india_en, accessed on 31 July 2017.

  2. 2.

    For an in-de pth analysis of the partnership see Jain (2007), Baroowa (2007), Wagner (2008), Abhyankar (2009), Wülbers (2010), Peral and Sakhuja (2012), Hess (2013), Khandekar (2013), Jain (2014a, b), Mawdsley (2014), Schmidt (2015a, b),Winand et al. (2015), Kavalski (2016); Jain and Pandey (2019); cf. also the contributions to the Foreign Policy Research Journal 2013 (1). http://www.fprc.in/pdf/J-13.pdf, accessed on 31 July 2017.

  3. 3.

    Cooperation Agreement between the European Community and the Republic of India on partnership and development, Official Journal of the European Communities, 27.8.94, No L 223/24.

  4. 4.

    European Union, ‘EU-India Summit Marseille, 29 September 2008: Global partners for global challenges. The EU-India Joint Action Plan (JAP)’. http://eeas.europa.eu/india/sum09_08/joint_action_plan_2008_en.pdf, accessed on 31 July 2017; India-EU Strategic Partnership, Joint Action Plan of 2005, (September 2005). http://eeas.europa.eu/india/docs/joint_action_plan_060905_en.pdf, accessed on 31 July 2017.

  5. 5.

    EU-India Agenda for Action-2020 (March 2016). http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/international-summit/2016/03/30/, accessed on 31 July 2017. For more specific sectors of cooperation between India and the EU (e.g. energy, climate change, water, migration and mobility, security) see the documents listed by the European Union External Action Service in the EU-India Relations Fact Sheet. http://eeas.europa.eu/factsheets/docs/eu-india_factsheet_en.pdf, accessed on 31 July 2017 and in the feature story ‘EU-India Summit: A new momentum for the EU-India Strategic Partnership’, (March 2016). http://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/3538/eu-india-summit-a-new-momentum-for-the-eu-india-strategic-partnership_en, accessed on 31 July 2017.

  6. 6.

    European Commission, ‘EU-India Relations. General Background Note’, MEMO/10/265 of 21 June 2010. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-10-265_de.htm?locale=en, accessed on 31 July 2017.

  7. 7.

    Panda (2016). See also the Statement by High Representative/Vice-President Federica Mogherini on the developments in the case of two Italian military personnel in India, 16.12.2014. http://eeas.europa.eu/statements-eeas/2014/141216_04_en.htm, accessed on 31 July 2017.

  8. 8.

    European Commission (2016).

  9. 9.

    European Commission, ‘Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the European Economic and Social Committee of 16 June 2004: An EU-India Strategic Partnership’ COM (2004) 430 final—not published in the Official Journal. See generally on the concept of “strategic partnerships”, Ferreira-Pereira and Vieira (2016).

  10. 10.

    See, Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India, Indian Response to EU Communication on a Strategic Partnership, August 2004.

  11. 11.

    See, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan. http://mhrd.gov.in/sarva-shiksha-abhiyan, accessed on 31 July 2017.

  12. 12.

    See, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, National Rural Health Mission. http://nhm.gov.in/nhm/nrhm.html, accessed on 31 July 2017.

  13. 13.

    Special Report No 10/2003 concerning the effectiveness of the Commission’s management of development assistance to India in targeting the poor and ensuring sustainable benefits, together with the Commission’s replies (pursuant to Article 248(4), second subparagraph, EC) (2003/C 211/02), [57].

  14. 14.

    European Commission, India: Country Strategy Paper 2007–2013. http://eeas.europa.eu/india/csp/07_13_en.pdf, accessed on 31 July 2017.

  15. 15.

    Ibid., p. 1.

  16. 16.

    European Commission, India: Country Strategy Paper 2007–2013, Mid-Term Review (April 2010). http://eeas.europa.eu/india/csp/11_13_mtr_en.pdf, accessed on 31 July 2017.

  17. 17.

    Joint Action Plan of 2005 (n 4), p. 19.

  18. 18.

    For an analysis of the summit see Kandhekar (2016), Frontini and Mocker (2016).

  19. 19.

    It is, however, noteworthy that there has been no remarkable progress in negotiating the Broad-Based Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA) which is already under negotiation since 2007. As Frontini & Mocker (n 18) have summarized “talks have stalled due to markedly different positions on trade liberalization and the needs and rights of an emerging economy like India. In a nutshell, Brussels demands lower tariff barriers and increased access to public procurement, as well as stronger protection of intellectual property rights in India. Delhi would like to see greater temporary mobility for its skilled professionals in Europe and urges the EU to grant its world-class IT companies ‘data security’ status, thereby improving business prospects with and within Europe”. See also, Khorana et al. (2010), Goddeeris and Unkule (2013), Wouters et al. (2014), Garcia and Masselot (2015), Orbie and Khorana (2015), Mukherjee et al. (2015).

  20. 20.

    See, Global Initiative of Academic Networks. http://www.gian.iitkgp.ac.in/, accessed on 31 July 2017.

  21. 21.

    See, EU’s Erasmus + program. https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/erasmus-plus/node_en, accessed on 31 July 2017.

  22. 22.

    See, European Commission, ‘EU—India Summit: strengthening our strategic partnership and moving forward with our common agenda’, Press Release of 6 October 2017. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-17-3728_en.htm, accessed on 7 May 2019. Sustainable development, research cooperation as well as trade and investment issues are also thematized by the Joint Communication ‘Elements for an EU strategy on India’ which the European Commission and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy adopted in November 2018, JOIN(2018) 28 final.

  23. 23.

    See Case C-268/94, Portugal v. Council I-6207 [1996], [30] et seq.—Both in the academic sphere and in the practice of external relations there is an ongoing debate on how to determine the competence spheres of the Union and its member states with regard to agreements with third countries. While the case of the EU-India-agreement has been clarified in court, clarification is still needed in other cases where EU agreements also include subjects belonging to the competence sphere of member states. For the discussion on CETA and TTIP—the agreements which the EU wants to conclude with Canada and the US—see e.g. European Parliament, ‘EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement’, Briefing January 2016, p. 3. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2016/573929/EPRS_BRI(2016)573929_EN.pdf, accessed on 31 July 2017; Barbière (2016).

  24. 24.

    See, Watts (2007).

  25. 25.

    For more details of the interpretation of this principle see Carbone (2007), pp. 48, 56, Bartelt (2008), p. 31, Van Vooren and Wessel (2014), p. 313, cf. also Dann (2013), pp. 332, 345.

  26. 26.

    European Commission, ‘Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, EU Code of Conduct on Division of labour in Development Policy’ COM (2007) 72 final.

  27. 27.

    On joint programming, see Council of the European Union, ‘Council conclusions on stepping up Joint Programming’, No. 8831/16, http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-8831-2016-INIT/en/pdf, accessed on 7 May 2019; Joint statement by the Council and the representatives of the governments of the Member States meeting within the Council, the European Parliament and the Commission ‘The New European Consensus on Development’, Official Journal of the European Union, 30.6.2017, 2017/C 210/01, para. 757; European Commission (2017); and https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/policies/eu-approach-aid-effectiveness/joint-programming_en, accessed on 7 May 2019; furthermore Furness and Vollmer (2013), Galeazzi et al. (2013). See also generally on implementing coordination and division of labour among European donors, European Union (2014), p. 16.

  28. 28.

    European Commission, ‘The European Union announces new initiatives to increase transparency and improve coordination in aid delivery’, Press Release of 30 November 2011. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-11-1472_en.htm, accessed on 31 July 2017.

  29. 29.

    European Union (2016).

  30. 30.

    Ibid., p. 49.

  31. 31.

    OECD—Development Assistance Committee (2012), p. 77.

  32. 32.

    Ibid., p. 77. On progress in the area of joint programming in recent years see European Commission, Mid-term review report of the External Financing Instruments, COM (2017) 720 final, p. 17; OECD—Development Assistance Committee (2018), p. 82.

  33. 33.

    See, https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/joint-programming/minisite/country-cases/joint-programming-tracker, accessed on 7 May 2019. 

  34. 34.

    Cf. also Koch (2015), p. 483.

  35. 35.

    Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), ‘India’. http://www.bmz.de/en/countries_regions/asien/indien/index.html, accessed on 7 May 2019.

  36. 36.

    See, United Nations on ‘Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform’. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld, accessed on 31 July 2017. See, on India’s engagement in the SDG process at UN and country level, Lucci et al. (2015), p. 4.

  37. 37.

    See, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Financing for Development. http://www.un.org/esa/ffd/, accessed on 31 July 2017.

  38. 38.

    See, OECD for Effective Development. http://www.oecd.org/development/effectiveness/, accessed 31 July 2017.

  39. 39.

    Busan Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation (2011). See also http://effectivecooperation.org/, accessed on 7 May 2019.

  40. 40.

    EU-India Joint Action Plan of 2005 (n 4), p. 19.

  41. 41.

    OECD-Development Co-operation Directorate, ‘India's Development Co-operation’. http://www.oecd.org/dac/dac-global-relations/indias-development-co-operation.htm, accessed on 31 July 2017; see also OECD-Development Co-operation Directorate, ‘Development Co-operation by Countries Beyond the DAC’ (2015), p. 6. http://www.oecd.org/dac/dac-global-relations/Dev%20Coop%20by%20Countries%20beyond%20the%20DAC.pdf, accessed on 31 July 2017. For more details on India’s development cooperation see Chaturvedi et al. (2014), Katti et al. (2013), cf. also Choedon (2015).

  42. 42.

    Shyam Saran, ‘India-Africa Cooperation on Global Issues’. http://www.mea.gov.in/in-focus-article.htm?25957/IndiaAfrica+Cooperation+on+Global+Issues, accessed on 31 July 2017; see also generally Michael (2014), McCormick (2008).

  43. 43.

    OECD-Development Co-operation Directorate (n 39), p. 6.—According to the Remarks by Ambassador Dr. Palitha Kohona, Permanent Representative of Sri Lanka to the United Nations on behalf of India-Pakistan-Sri Lanka Troika at the 6th session of the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals (9–13 December 2013) there is “much potential in South-South and triangular cooperation. However, it is our consistent position that South-South co-operation is only a supplement and not a substitute to North-South cooperation.”; see, ‘Partnerships and Means of Implementation for achieving Sustainable Development’, (December 2013). https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5103srilanka2.pdf, accessed on 31 July 2017.

  44. 44.

    Cf. also European Union, Evaluation of the EU-India Strategic Partnership and the potential for its revitalisation, Study of the Policy Department, Directorate-General for External Policies on request by the European Parliament’s Committee on Foreign Affairs (2015), p. 34 (“A regular dialogue between the EU and the Indian Development Partnership Administration (DPA) could promote a better understanding of Indian activities abroad and may help to identify areas of joint project implementation in third countries.”).

  45. 45.

    See Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), ‘Triangular cooperation—New forms of cooperation’. https://www.bmz.de/en/what_we_do/approaches/triangular_cooperation/index.html, accessed on 31 July 2017. For an overview of the different forms of cooperation with so called “Global Development Partners” (such as India) see Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), Development cooperation with Global Development Partners. Sharing responsibility—Shaping sustainable development (BMZ Strategy Paper 4/2015e), pp. 9 et seq.; on triangular development initiatives see also, generally, OECD-Development Co-operation Directorate (2013), Quiñones (2015), and http://www.oecd.org/dac/dac-global-relations/triangular-cooperation.htm, accessed on 7 May 2019.

  46. 46.

    See, ‘Global Alliances for Social Protection’. https://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/29046.html, accessed on 7 May 2019.

  47. 47.

    See, http://www.rsby.gov.in/, accessed on 31 July 2017. See also the new program “Ayushman Bharat Yojana”, https://www.pmjay.gov.in/, accessed on 7 May 2019.

  48. 48.

    See, http://www.nrega.nic.in/netnrega/home.aspx, accessed on 31 July 2017.

  49. 49.

    On India’s social protection policy see, generally, Mutatkar (2013).

  50. 50.

    See, generally, on the impact of South-South approaches in social protection policies, Surender and Urbina-Ferretjans (2013).

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  1. Faculty of Law, Institute of Development Research and Development Policy (IEE), Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany

    Markus Kaltenborn

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  3. Centre for Comparative Law, National Law University, Delhi, New Delhi, India

    Niraj Kumar

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Kaltenborn, M. (2019). The EU-India Development Partnership: Legal Framework and Political Perspectives. In: Singh, M., Cremer, W., Kumar, N. (eds) Open Markets, Free Trade and Sustainable Development. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7426-5_10

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