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Studies from a Retranslation Culture pp 155–175Cite as

Retranslation, Paratext, and Recontextualization: Le Comte de Monte Cristo and The Hound of Baskervilles in Turkish (Re)translations

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Abstract

This article discusses retranslation as evidence for the popularity of certain titles among readers in Turkey. By taking retranslations of two novels as case study, namely Arthur Conan Doyle’s The Hound of Baskervilles (1901) and Alexandre Dumas’ Le Comte de Monte Cristo (The Count of Monte Cristo) (1844) that have been retranslated many times since the late Ottoman period, it aims to analyze ‘popularity’ both as a motive and a consequence with a considerable impact on the publication of retranslations. The article draws on paratextual material such as prefaces, cover pages, and blurbs deployed by print agents (i.e. translators, publishers, bookseller, and printers) to create their niche in the marketplace. These two cases will shed light on how (re)translation has shaped the fates of these two novels and their protagonists in the Turkish literary system and how they both have become popular fictional characters through a variety of retranslations and transmedial storytelling practices in Turkey both contemporaneously and across time. The itineraries of the two popular-canonized novels and their successive retranslations in relation to the corresponding literary, social, and cultural contexts in Turkey will display how paratexts change, not only because of the literary or commercial criteria established by the publishers, but also due to the inextricable relations within these transmedial storytelling practices.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    I would like to thank Müge Işıklar Koçak for her constructive contribution to this article.

  2. 2.

    The term “retranslation” refers to “subsequent translations of a text or part of a text, carried out after the initial translation that introduced this text to the ‘same’ target language” (Susam Sarajeva 2003, 2).

  3. 3.

    There is anecdotal information on the print runs. For instance, in his memoirs Ahmed Ihsan Tokgöz declares that it was rare to find a book with more than 2000 copies printed at the beginning of the twentienth century (quoted in Strauss 1992).

  4. 4.

    The list of retranslations and reprints demonstrates that some of the titles that were first translated and reprinted/or retranslated between 1840–1940, such as works by Defoe, Dumas (père and fils), Cervantes and Verne continued to be published and began to be labeled as “classics”. Some other authors and their works like Sue, Zevaco, Ohnet and Le Sage that were very popular in the late 19th and early twentieth century were not reprinted /retranslated as the above cited examples and were forgotten (Erkul Yağcı 2012, 361–375).

  5. 5.

    The analysis on the retranslated titles in given 100 years’ time period has revealed that French novels dominated the market with 56 titles. I was able to identify 25 titles that were retranslated after the alphabet reform in 1928, and 28 titles were retranslated once in a period less than 50 years.

  6. 6.

    Strauss highlights the important position these corps of agents held within the society as he puts forward “[…] those who were involved in printing and publishing- as well as those who supervised and controlled these activities – figure among the most important men of letters. In a society without universities, academies or public libraries, much of the role of such institutions was left to these cultural workers” (Strauss 2005, 227).

  7. 7.

    Nat Pinkerton seems to be the leader of famous detectives, and a great number of his adventures were translated into Turkish several times. Maleckova states that more than 80 adventure stories were translated until 1914 (1994), whereas Erol Üyepazarcı reports that 161 stories of Nat Pinkerton were translated between 1908 and 1928 (1997).

  8. 8.

    The Ministry of Education in Turkey issued two separate lists of 100 Essential books for primary and secondary school students in 2004 and 2005. These lists included mainly translated literary classics, most of which were out of copyright (Şahin et al. 2015; Şahin et al. 2019; Berk Albachten and Tahir Gürçağlar 2019, 224). These lists gave impetus to a great number of commercially driven publishing houses to publish retranslations.

  9. 9.

    Le Comte de Monte Cristo has been adapted numerous times into stage and films (at least 29 according to IMDB), TV serials worldwide. Most of these films were released in Turkey. (See Appendix 3)

  10. 10.

    After its first publication in France in 1844, Le Comte de Monte Cristo became hugely popular at home and abroad, it was translated into many languages and a number of sequels and emulations, similar stories imitating the style and the plot of the story, were written both in French and other languages.

  11. 11.

    The former one was translated under the title Meşhur Monte Kristo’nun zeyli Lord Hop (Sequel to Famous Monte Cristo Lord Hop) (1885) (translator or publisher unknown due to the lack of paratextual material). In 1913, it was retranslated by Mehmed Süleyman under the title Monte Kristo’nun Esrarı ya da Lord Hope (The Mystery of Monte Cristo or Lord Hope) (published by Cihan Matbaası). In 1915, Ragıp Rıfkı translated the latter as Monte Kristo’nun Oğlu (The Son of Monte Cristo) (published by Şems Matbaası).

  12. 12.

    In 1882, Nakkaşcıyan produced a translation in Armenian script which was published by Mihran Matbaası, it was reprinted in 1910.

  13. 13.

    Halid Süleyman Avan’s preface to the 1945 version was also based on the preface his father wrote to the 1911 version. This is evident from the fact that it includes the same comments on the first translation by Teodor Kasab.

  14. 14.

    https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0167565/. Accessed 16 Oct 2018.

  15. 15.

    https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0245844/?ref_=nv_sr_1. Accessed 16 Oct 2018.

  16. 16.

    Monte Cristo was adapted into film many times. So far, my research has identified A Modern Monte Cristo (1917) by Eugene Moore, a story of wrongful imprisonment of a doctor, was the first of its kind. The most popular and appraised films Shawshank Redemption by Frank Darabont (1995) and Sleepers (1996) are two of them to name, and they contain a direct reference with the characters reading Le Comte de Monte Cristo.

  17. 17.

    Since Sherlock Holmes stories and novels continue to be published in increasing numbers, these numbers are changing every day.

  18. 18.

    Before Sherlock Holmes books, Özgürel translated a great number of books in Nick Carter and Arsène Lupin series in 1919. He mainly translated from French; his retranslation of The Hound of Baskervilles might well have been translated from French.

  19. 19.

    Although I did not carry out a systematic textual analysis, I have the impression that this second edition is not a simplified edition in the strict sense of the term; Ender Gürol’s text has been generally preserved and only some of the words that are no longer in use in everyday conversation such as (ekseri, vakur, etc.) were replaced by their modern equivalents in order to make the text more easily read by the targeted young adult readers.

  20. 20.

    The series consists of 10 books, each of which constitutes 64 pages.

  21. 21.

    Another indigenous series was “Türkiye’nin Sherlock Holmes’u Yıldırım Said’in Sergüzeştleri” [Adventures of Turkish Sherlock Holmes: Yıldırım Said] translated by İskender Fahreddin under a pseudoym ‘Behlül Dana’. The series include 12 books and published in 1928. Another anonymous indigenous series of 10 books was presented in 1928 under the title of “Türklerin Sherlock Holmes’u Amanvermez Sabri” [Adventures of Turkish Sherlock Holmes: Amanvermez Sabri] (See Üyepazarcı 2008, 152–198).

  22. 22.

    There were five books in the series, all written by M. Kemaleddin (Üyepazarcı 2008, 199).

  23. 23.

    Selâmi Münir Yurdatap wrote a series of pseudotranslations for Cemiyet Kütüphanesi in 1926 and brought Sherlock Holmes and Arsène Lupin together in “Şarlok Holmes’in Arsen Lüpen ile Sergüzeştleri” (The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Arsène Lupin). Maurice Leblanc had in fact written a series of stories where Sherlock Holmes and Arsène Lupin met. Nevertheless, the Leblanc stories bear no resemblance to the pseudotranslations published in the Turkish series. Another series of pseudotranslations was launched under the title “Şarlok Holmes’in Sergüzeştlerinden” (From the Adventures of Sherlock Holmes) in 1927, with four titles written by Selami Münir Yurdatap and Remzi (Üyepazarcı 2008, 200–201).

  24. 24.

    For example, pseudo stories by Vedat Örfin, by Süleyman Çapanoğlu in 1938, Daniş Remzi Korok in 1945, and many others (Üyepazarcı 2008, 202).

  25. 25.

    https://www.imdb.com/find?ref_=nv_sr_fn&q=hound+of+baskerville&s=all. Accessed 16 Oct 2018.

  26. 26.

    https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1475582/?ref_=nv_sr_1. Accessed 16 Oct 2018.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ege University, İzmir, Turkey

    A. Selin Erkul Yağcı

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  1. A. Selin Erkul Yağcı
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Translation and Interpreting Studies, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Boğaziçi University , Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey

    Özlem Berk Albachten

  2. Department of Translation and Interpreting Studies, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Boğaziçi University , Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey

    Şehnaz Tahir Gürçağlar

Appendices

Appendices

Appendix 1: Selected Bibliography of the Retranslations of Le Comte de Monte Cristo in Turkey

Dumas, Alexandre. 1872. Monte Kristo. Trans. Teodor Kasab. Istanbul: Ahmed Midhat Matbaası.

Dumas, Alexandre. 1911. Monte Kristo. Trans. Avanzade Mehmed Süleyman. Istanbul: Matbaa-i Keteon Bedrosyan.

Dumas, Alexandre. 1945. Monte Kristo. Trans. Halid M. Süleyman Avan. Istanbul: Net Kitabevi.

Dumas, Alexandre. 1962. Monte Kristo Kontu. Trans. Fikret Arıt. Istanbul: Ak Kitabevi.

Dumas, Alexandre. 1970. Monte Cristo. Trans. Ayda Düz. Istanbul: Altın Kitaplar Yayınevi.

Dumas, Alexandre. 1981. Monte Cristo I-II. Trans. Nihal Önol. Istanbul: Altın Kitaplar Yayınevi.

Dumas, Alexandre. 1993?. İftira Monte Kristo. Trans. Altıncı Şen. Istanbul: Dost Kitaplar.

Dumas, Alexandre. 1996. Monte Kristo Volume I-II. Trans. Ali Çankırılı?. Istanbul: Timaş Yayınları.

Dumas, Alexandre. 2002. Monte Kristo. Trans. Mustafa Bahar. Istanbul: Kum Saati Yayınları.

Dumas, Alexandre. 1994. Monte Cristo. Trans. Yıldız Karayel. Istanbul: Morpa Kültür Yayınları.

Dumas, Alexandre. 2009. Monte Kristo Kontu. Trans. Sevil İnan Sönmez. Istanbul: Akvaryum Yayınevi.

Dumas, Alexandre. 2011. Monte Cristo Kontu. Trans. Aysel Altınel. Istanbul: İthaki Yayınları.

Dumas, Alexandre. 2013. Monte Cristo Kontu. Adapt. Ali Aydoğan. Ankara: Arkadaş Yayınları.

Appendix 2: Selected Bibliography of the Retranslations of The Hound of Baskervilles in Turkey

Doyle, Arthur Conan. 1909. Baskerviller’in Köpeği. Trans. A. Enver. Istanbul: Tercüman-ı Hakikat.

Doyle, Arthur Conan. 1939. Baskerviller’in Köpeği. Trans. Ragıp Rıfkı Özgürel. Istanbul: Kanaat Kitabevi.

Doyle, Arthur Conan. 1958. Baskerviller’in Köpeği (Sherlock Holmes Maceraları. 9&10). Trans. Selami İzzet Sedes. Istanbul: Hadise Yayınları.

Doyle, Arthur Conan. 1963. Baskerviller’in Köpeği. Trans. Ender Gürol. Istanbul: Varlık Polis Romanları.

Doyle, Arthur Conan. 1975. Şeytan Köpek. Trans. Şebnem Zeki. Istanbul: Milliyet Yayınları.

Doyle, Arthur Conan. 1994. Baskervillerin Köpeği (Sherlock Holmes Çizgi Roman Dizisi) Trans. İskender Baydar. Istanbul: İnkılap Kitabevi.

Doyle, Arthur Conan. 2001. Baskerville’lerin Köpeği. Trans. Vedat Polatlı. Istanbul: Beyaz Balina Yayınları.

Doyle, Arthur Conan. 2002. Baskerville’lerin Köpeği. Ed. Gülcan Coşkun. Bilge Kültür Sanat.

Doyle, Arthur Conan. 2003. Baskervilles’in Tazısı. Trans. Arzu Durukan. Sherlock Holmes’un Bütün Maceraları. 6. Istanbul: Güncel Yayıncılık.

Doyle, Arthur Conan. 2005. Baskerville’lerin Köpeği. Trans. Deniz Akkuş. Istanbul: Bilge Karınca Yayınları.

Doyle, Arthur Conan. 2006. Baskerville’lerin Köpeği. Trans. Ender Gürol. Istanbul: May Yayınları.

Doyle, Arthur Conan. 2009. Baskervilles’in Tazısı. Trans. Fatih Kınalı. Istanbul: Plato Film Yayınları.

Doyle, Arthur Conan. 2010. Baskerville’lerin Köpeği. Trans. Deniz Akkuş. Istanbul: Avrupa Yakası Yayınları.

Doyle, Arthur Conan. 2010. Baskerville’lerin Köpeği. Trans. Kutlukhan Kutlu. Istanbul: NTV Yayınları.

Doyle, Arthur Conan. 2011. Baskerville Laneti. Trans. Eray Elmacı. Istanbul: Arunas Yayınları.

Doyle, Arthur Conan. 2012. Baskerville’lerin Köpeği. Trans. Ender Gürol. Istanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.

Doyle, Arthur Conan. 2012. Baskerville’lerin Köpeği. Trans. Deniz Akkuş. Istanbul: Frida Yayınları.

Doyle, Arthur Conan. 2012. Baskerville’lerin Köpeği. Trans. Deniz Akkuş. Istanbul: Bilge Karınca Yayınları.

Doyle, Arthur Conan. 2012. Baskerville’lerin Köpeği. Trans. Can Ömer Kalaycı. Istanbul: Can Yayınları.

Doyle, Arthur Conan. 2012. Baskerville’lerin Köpeği. Trans. İpek Demir. Istanbul: Altın Kitaplar.

Doyle, Arthur Conan. 2013. Baskerville’lerin Köpeği. Trans. Füsun Baytok. Istanbul: Cem Yayınevi.

Doyle, Arthur Conan. 2013. Baskerville Laneti. Trans. Ekrem Saltık. Istanbul: Kaldırım Yayınları.

Doyle, Arthur Conan. 2014. Baskerville’lerin Köpeği. Trans. Filiz Sarıalioğlu. Istanbul: İthaki Yayınları.

Doyle, Arthur Conan. 2014. Baskervilles’in Tazısı. Trans. Murat Sağlam. Istanbul: Nemesis Yayınları.

Doyle, Arthur Conan. 2015. Baskerville’lerin Köpeği Gizemli Pençenin Laneti. Trans. Cumhur Mısırlıoğlu. Istanbul: Martı Yayınları.

Doyle, Arthur Conan. 2015. Baskervilles’in Tazısı. Trans. Metin Coşkun. Istanbul: Marcel Yayınları.

Appendix 3: Selected Filmography of Le Comte de Monte Cristo and The Hound of Baskervilles Films

Monte Cristo. 1922. Dir. Emmett J. Flynn. Fox Film Copperation.

Monte Cristo. 1929. Dir. Henri Fescourt. Les Grands Films Européens.

The Count of Monte Cristo. 1975. Dir. David Greene. Incorporated Television Company. (TV Film).

Le Comte de Monte Cristo. 1998. Dir. Josée Dayan. TF1.(TV Mini Series).

The Count of Monte Cristo. 2002. Dir. Kevin Reynolds. Touchstone Pictures.

Sevmek ve Ölmek Zamanı. 1971. Dir. Halit Refiğ, Sine Film.

Ezel. 2009. Dir. Uluç Bayraktar. Ay Yapım. (TV Series).

The Hound of Baskervilles. 1939. Dir. Sidney Lanfield. 20th Century Fox.

The Hound of Baskervilles. 1959. Dir. Terence Fisher. Hammer Films.

Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadow. 2011. Dir. Guy Ritchie. Warner Bros.

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Erkul Yağcı, A.S. (2019). Retranslation, Paratext, and Recontextualization: Le Comte de Monte Cristo and The Hound of Baskervilles in Turkish (Re)translations. In: Berk Albachten, Ö., Tahir Gürçağlar, Ş. (eds) Studies from a Retranslation Culture. New Frontiers in Translation Studies. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7314-5_10

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