Abstract
From a comparative perspective, this chapter depicts and analyzes China’s and India’s engagements across Latin America. Its methodological foundation lies on the idea that both powers are not economically constrained in their international actions; therefore, to build their power they resort to a complex tool-box filled with ideas, institutions, and material interests. Understanding parcels of this multilayered international reality demands a general analysis on different levels and specific issues related to how China and India engage with some Latin American actors. In this three-dimensional study (ideas discourse, institutions, and material interests), actors are not analyzed trapped in fixed clusters, but flowing in intertwined agendas and spaces, most of the time beyond national borders. Relations between Latin Americans with Beijing and Delhi must be understood in a multilateral context and not in a bilateral one.
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Notes
- 1.
Daniel Lederman, Marcelo Olarreaga, and Guillermo E. Perry, Latin America’s response to China and India: Overview of research findings and policy implications: China’s and India’s challenge to Latin America (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2009), 3–35.
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- 5.
Salama, “Brasil y China: caminos de fortalezas y desconciertos,” Problemas del Desarrollo, vol. 188 (January–March 2017): 9–28.
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Raquel Isamara Leon de la Rosa, and Misael Gonzalez-Ramirez, Misael, “La competencia entre México y Brasil como líderes regionales a partir de la consolidación de la cooperación con China,” Juan Carlos Gachuz-Maya and Raquel Isamara Leon de la Rosa, China-América Lartina: resultados de una relación eocnómica en transición, Juan Carlos Gachuz-Maya and Leon de la Rosa (Puebla: Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 2015), 93–123.
- 7.
Daniel Oviedo, Argentina y China: causas de la disputa en torno al aceite de soja, Estudios de Asia y África, vol. 47 (January 2, 2012): 337–376.
- 8.
Romer Cornejo, “La relación de México con China, la política del desconcierto,” 3–4, 2013, Foro Internacional, vol. 53, nos. 3–4 (2013): 645–666.
- 9.
Rhys Jenkins, “China’s global expansion and Latin America,” Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 42, no. 4 (November 2010): 809–837.
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“Donald Trump calls PM Modi, Says India a ‘true friend’; invites Modi to US,” Times of India, January 25, 2017, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/trump-calls-modi-says-india-a-true-friend-invites-pm-modi-to-us/articleshow/56769802.cms, last consulted April 1, 2017.
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Justna Szczudlik-Tatar, Justyna, “Towards China’s great power diplomacy under Xi Jinping,” Policy Paper, vol. 9, April 2015.
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China, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “China’s policy paper on Latin America and the Caribbean,” November 24, 2016.
- 20.
Hanban, January 20, 2017, http://spanish.hanban.org/, last consulted January 20, 2017.
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EFE, EMOL, March 01, 2016, http://www.emol.com/noticias/Economia/2016/03/01/790745/OEA-afirma-que-la-relacion-ChinaLatinoamerica-debe-traspasar-las-materias-primas-dice-la-OEA.html, last consulted March 16, 2017.
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———, El Mundo, June 06, 2007, http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2007/06/07/internacional/1181174880.html, last consulted December 3, 2017.
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“Costa Rica recibo cinco millones de dolares por parte de china para que,” CNN, February 27, 2017, http://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2017/02/27/costa-rica-recibio-cinco-millones-de-dolares-por-parte-de-china-para-que/, last consulted February 28, 2017.
- 24.
“China ofrece a costa rica prestamos por 400 mdd,” Forbes, June 03, 2013, https://www.forbes.com.mx/china-ofrece-a-costa-rica-prestamos-por-400-mdd/, last consulted June 10, 2013.
- 25.
“18 suscritos entre peru y china,” Publimetro, November 21, 2016, http://publimetro.pe/actualidad/noticia-conoce-18-acuerdos-suscritos-entre-peru-y-china-53085?ref=ecr, last consulted November 22, 2016.
- 26.
Francisco Naro-Navejas, and Rosángel Hernándea-Mendoza, “Viaje al oeste: La Asociación Sino-Mexicana: una posibilidad funcionalista,” Foro Internacional, vol. 56, no. 2 (2016): 409–449.
- 27.
“China y Chile firman una asociación,” DW, November 23, 2016, http://www.dw.com/es/china-y-chile-firman-una-asociaci%C3%B3n-estrat%C3%A9gica/a-36487440, last consulted November 23, 2016.
- 28.
Eric Heginbothan, and Richard J. Samuels, “Japan’s Dual Hedge,” Foreign Affairs, April 1, 2017, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/asia/2002-09-01/japans-dual-hedge, last consulted April 1, 2017.
- 29.
Martin Dinatale, “China y la argentina acordaron una formula para equilbra la balanza comerical,” La Nación, September 03, 2016, http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1934385-china-y-la-argentina-acordaron-una-formula-para-equilibrar-la-balanza-comercial, last consulted September 5, 2016.
- 30.
Inter-American Development Bank, “China-LAC business summit, 2016,” IADB News. Otober 21, 2016, http://www.iadb.org/en/news/news-releases/2016-10-21/china-lac-business-summit-2016,11610.html, last consulted January 15, 2017.
- 31.
International Trade Centre, “Trade map: Trade competitiveness map,” January 2015, http://www.trademap.org/countrymap/Country_SelProductCountry_TS.aspx?nvpm=1|156||||TOTAL|||2|1|1|1|2|1|2|4|1, last consulted April 11, 2017.
- 32.
———, “Trade map: Trade competitiveness map,” January 2015, http://www.trademap.org/countrymap/Country_SelProductCountry_TS.aspx?nvpm=1|156|||31|TOTAL|||2|1|1|2|2|1|2|4|1, last consulted March 28, 2017.
- 33.
World Integrated Trade Solution, “China Product exports and imports from Latin America & Caribbean 2015,” April 2017, http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/CHN/Year/2015/TradeFlow/EXPIMP/Partner/LCN/Product/all-groups, last consulted April 2, 2017.
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National Bureau of Statistics of China, “China Statistical Year Book, 2015,” http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2015/indexeh.htm, last consulted February 15, 2017.
- 36.
India, Latin America, and the Caribbean during the Cold War. See Cesar Ross, Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, no. 20 (2013): 26, but see 23–44.
- 37.
Ibid., 28, 38.
- 38.
Government of India, FOCUS LAC, op. cit.
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R. Viswanathan, “India and Latin America: a new perception and a new partnership. Royal Institute Elcano,” Online, July 22, 2014, last consulted March 20, 2017. http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano_en/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_in/zonas_in/ari37-2014-viswanathan-india-latin-america-new-perception-new-partnership
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SELA, “Latin American and Caribbean Economic System: Relations of Latin America and the Caribbean with India: A window of opportunity,” Proceedings from ‘Regional Meeting on economic and trade relations of Latin America and the Caribbean with nations of the Pacific, India and Africa’ (Caracas: SELA, 2014), 14, 16.
- 41.
Ibid., 55–8.
- 42.
Viswanath, op. cit.
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Ministry of External Affairs, Central American Integration System (SICA), “Briefs on India’s Multilateral Relations,” February 2013, http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Central_American_Integration_System_SICA_.pdf, last consulted March 28, 2017.
- 44.
———, Joint Communique of the Ministerial meeting between India and SICA member countries, May 29, 2015, http://www.mea.gov.in/in-focus-article.htm?25317/Joint+Communique+of+the+Ministerial+meeting+between+India+and+SICA+member+countries, last consulted March 30, 2017.
- 45.
———, “Briefs on India’s multilateral relations: Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC),” August 2012, http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/celac-august-2012.pdf, last consulted March 30, 2017.
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Ministry of External Affairs, Joint Statement on the First India-CELAC Troika Foreign Ministers Meeting, August 7, 2012, http://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/20306/Joint+Statement+on+the+First+IndiaCELAC+Troika+Foreign+Ministers+Meeting, last consulted April 1, 2017.
- 47.
Declaración conjunta CELAC-República de la India, http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/images/ed_integracao/docs_CELAC/DECELIND.2016ESP.pdf
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Ministry of External Affairs, “Briefs on India’s multilateral relations: Caribbean Community (CARICOM),” January 2013, http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Caribbean_Community-_CARICOM.pdf, last consulted April 1, 2017.
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———, Joint Statement: 2nd India-CARICOM Ministerial meeting in New York, October 1, 2015, http://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/25874, last consulted April 1, 2017.
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IBSA, “About IBSA background, 2017,” http://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/about-ibsa/background, last consulted March 28, 2017.
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“India opposes attempts of rich nations to stall WTO’s Doha Round talks,” The Hindu, December 4, 2015, http://www.thehindu.com/business/agri-business/india-opposes-attempts-of-rich-nations-to-stall-wtos-doha-round-talks/article7945806.ece, last consulted April 3, 2017.
- 52.
Ministry of External Affairs, “India and the BRICS. Briefs on India’s multilateral relations,” May 2, 2016. http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/BRICS_02_may_2016.pdf, last consulted April 1, 2017.
- 53.
Ibid.
- 54.
Marcos Suárez, “Cumbre de Goa y discrepancias entre los BRICS,” Estudios de política exterior, October 18, 2016, http://www.politicaexterior.com/actualidad/cumbre-de-goa-y-discrepancias-entre-los-brics/, last consulted April 11, 2017.
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Ministry of External Affairs, “Goa Declaration at 8th BRICS Summit,” October 16, 2016, http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/27491/Goa+Declaration+at+8th+BRICS+Summit, last consulted March 30, 2017.
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Ian Hall, “Modi’s vision for India as a normative power. East Asia Forum,” February 8, 2017, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2017/02/08/modis-vision-for-india-as-a-normative-power/, last consulted March 29, 2017.
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Ibid.
- 58.
International Monetary Fund (IMF), “Data access to Macroeconomic and Financial Data” http://data.imf.org/regular.aspx?key=60998112
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Asian Development Bank Basic Statistics 2016, https://www.adb.org/publications/basic-statistics-2016
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World Integrated Trade Solution, “Trade Statistics by Country: India,” http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/IND/Year/LTST/Summary
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United Nations, UN ComtradeYearbook 2015, India, https://comtrade.un.org/pb/CountryPagesNew.aspx?y=2015
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Government of India FOCUS LAC, op. cit.
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Ibid.
- 64.
UN ComtradeYearbook 2015, India, op. cit.
- 65.
Ministry of External Affairs, Annual Report 2015–16, 136, www.mea.gov.in
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World Integrated Trade Solution, “India: Product exports and imports from Latin America & Caribbean 2015,” http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/IND/Year/2015/TradeFlow/EXPIMP/Partner/LCN/Product/all-groups
- 67.
Government of India, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, “Accelerating Trade, Facilitating business, Building India” Annual Report 2015–16 (New Delhi Department of Commerce, 2016), 9, 94.
- 68.
Government of India, Foreign Trade Policy Statement 2015–2020, “Foreign trade policy and procedure,” 32–3, http://commerce.gov.in/InnerContent.aspx?Type=TradePromotionmenu&Id=257
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United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, “Bilateral FDI Statistics,” op. cit.
- 70.
Government of India, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, “Accelerating trade,” op. cit.
- 71.
Confederation of Indian Industry, CII, India—Latin America and Caribbean Conclave, Background paper (New Delhi: CII, 2013), 22.
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Government of India, FOCUS LAC, op. cit.
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Government of India, Department of Commerce, “International trade,” http://commerce.nic.in/trade/international_ta_indchile.asp, last consulted April 2, 2017.
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“Protocol for the establishment of the India-Ecuador Joint Economic and Trade Committee (JETCO),” 9 October, 2015, http://commerce.gov.in/writereaddata/trade/India_Ecuador_Joint_Economic_Trade_Committee_JETCO.pdf, last consulted April 2, 2017.
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Government of India, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, “Accelerating trade.”
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Government of India, FOCUS LAC.
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Confederation of Indian Industry, CII, India.
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Sudha Mahalingam, “China’s quest for energy security. Implications for the world,” eds., Alyssa Ayres and C. Raja Mohan. Power Realignments in Asia. China, India and the United States (New Delhi: SAGE, 2009) 193–220.
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Haro-Navejas, F.J., Tapia-Muro, C. (2019). Chinese and Indian Latin America Entry: Resurrecting Old-Model Relationships. In: Hussain, I. (eds) South Asia in Global Power Rivalry. Global Political Transitions. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7240-7_8
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