South Asia in Strategic Competition: Tracing Chinese, Indian, and U.S. Footprints

Ali, Syed Mahmud

doi:10.1007/978-981-13-7240-7_10

Syed Mahmud Ali⁵

Part of the book series: Global Political Transitions ((GLPOTR))

232 Accesses
1 Citations

Abstract

With the “International Security Studies” literature reiterating how geopolitical turbulence flows from systemic transitional fluidity, today’s South Asia, highlighting Sino-U.S., Sino-Indian, and Indo-Pakistani competitive tensions, depicts that pattern well. While the current strategic landscape displays some particularistic characteristics, their rooting in post-1945 systemic restructuring cannot be missed. Three key developments shaped that re-arrangement in the Indo-Pacific arena: de-colonization and the partition of British-India into successor states founded on mutually inconsistent ideational rationales; dominant-systemic polarization along a capitalist versus communist diarchy; and the renascence of China as a socialist-nationalist power-seeking agency within both the Soviet-led communist bloc and the post-war bipolar architecture fashioned by the superpowers. India and Pakistan, often belying declared policies, bandwagon with external protectors to advance conflicting interests, leaving Bangladesh to solitarily seek more balance. Appearances to the contrary notwithstanding, that historical pattern still informs the current systemic-subsystemic change versus continuity dynamic shaping South Asia.

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Notes

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174.
White House (1962) Kennedy to Khan. Washington, 26 January 1962.
175.
AmEmbassy (1962) Bowles via Hall to Rusk. Karachi, 3 March 1962.
176.
AmEmbassy (1962) Hall to Rusk. Karachi, 4 March 1962; DoS (1962) MemCon: Kashmir. Washington, 27 April 1962; President’s House (1962) Khan to Kennedy. Rawalpindi, 20 April 1962; DoS (1962) MemCon: US Military Assistance to India; Pakistan Concern at Indian Intentions. Washington, 28 May 1962.
177.
DoS (1962) MemCon: Pakistan-US Relations. Washington, 13 May 1962; White House (1962) MemCon: Meeting with the President on India-Pakistan Problem. Washington, 19 June 1962.
178.
PMO (1962) Nehru to Kennedy. New Delhi, 5 August 1962.
179.
DoS (1962) Brubeck to Bundy: Possibility of Sino-Indian Negotiations over the Border Problem. Washington, 10 August 1962; NSC (1962) Kaysen to Kennedy: Current Activity on the Sino-Indian Border and Estimate of Future Developments. Washington, 3 November 1962.
180.
NSC (1962) Kaysen to Kennedy: Current Activity on the Sino-Indian Border and Estimate of Future Developments. Washington, 3 November 1962.
181.
DoS (1962) Brubeck to Bundy: Fighting on Sino-Indian Border. Washington, 15 October 1962; AmEmbassy (1962) Galbraith to Rusk. New Delhi, 15 October 1962; AmEmbassy (1962) Galbraith to Rusk. 18 October 1962; DoS (1962) Rusk to McConaughy. Washington, 22 October 1962; AmEmbassy (1962) Galbraith to Rusk. New Delhi, 25 October 1962; NSC (1962) Kayson to Kennedy. Washington, 26 October 1962.
182.
PMO (1962) Nehru to Kennedy. New Delhi, 26 October 1962; DoS (1962) Rusk to Galbraith. Washington, 27 October 1962; White House (1962) Kennedy to Nehru. Washington, 28 October 1962.
183.
AmEmbassy (1962) Galbraith to Rusk. New Delhi, 29 October 1962; Ibid. 1 November 1962.
184.
AmEmbassy (1962) McConaughy to Rusk. Karachi, 5 November 1962; President’s House (1962) Khan to Kennedy. Rawalpindi, 5 November 1962; NSC (1962) Kaysen to Kennedy. Washington, 9 November 1962; NSC (1962) Komer to Kennedy. Washington, 12 November 1962.
185.
AmEmbassy (1962) Galbraith to Kennedy. New Delhi, 13 November 1962.
186.
White House (1962) MemCon: Presidential Meeting on Sino-Indian Conflict. Washington, 19 November 1962.
187.
AmEmbassy (1962) Galbraith to Rusk. Delhi, 19 November 1962.
188.
DoS (1962) Rusk to Galbraith. Washington, 19 November 1962.
189.
DoS (1962) Rusk to Galbraith. Washington, 18 November 1962; Ibid., 20 November 1962.
190.
DoS (1962) Rusk to Harriman, Galbraith. Washington, 23 November 1962.
191.
White House (1962) Kennedy to Galbraith, Harriman, Washington, 25 November 1962.
192.
White House (1962) Kennedy to Nehru. Washington, 6 December 1962; ibid. Kennedy to Khan. Washington, 5 December 1962; DoS (1962) Rusk to Galbraith. Washington, 8 December 1962.
193.
NSC (1962) Komer to Kennedy. Washington, 16 December 1962.
194.
White House (1962) MemCon: Sino-Indian Dispute. Nassau, 20 December 1962.
195.
Kohli M, Conboy K (2002) Spies in the Himalayas. Harper Collins, New Delhi, p. 15.
196.
Ibid. 16–19.
197.
Loudon B (1978) Ganges ‘Poisoned’ by CIA. Telegraph, 14 April 1978; ibid., Desai Admits India-US Plot for Spy Device in Himalayas. Telegraph, 18 April 1978; Wigg R (1978) Delhi knew of nuclear device spying on China. Times, 18 April 1978.

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Institute of China Studies, University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Syed Mahmud Ali

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Independent University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Imtiaz Hussain

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Ali, S.M. (2019). South Asia in Strategic Competition: Tracing Chinese, Indian, and U.S. Footprints. In: Hussain, I. (eds) South Asia in Global Power Rivalry. Global Political Transitions. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7240-7_10

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7240-7_10
Published: 08 June 2019
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-7239-1
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-7240-7
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