Abstract
With the rise of the emerging powers of the South as providers of and participants in development assistance, the landscape of what is conventionally understood to be development is changing. The dominant Western paradigm arose in the context of late colonialism and the Cold War, and reached its zenith with the triumphalism of the neo-liberal consensus. Now, however, the Western way is confronted with challenges on multiple fronts. South-South cooperation, ranging from technical assistance and knowledge exchange to more commercial practices like “tied aid”, offers a vision of development based on the recognized success and experiences of countries like China (Fornes & Mendez, 2018). Coupled to this vision are new institutional sources of development finance like the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), which are to provide alternatives to established Western-dominated sources (Reisen, 2015).
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Notes
- 1.
In 1961, President Kennedy replaced the International Cooperation Administration with the US Agency for International Development. For a good historical overview see: Barry Riley, The Political History of American Food Aid: An Uneasy Benevolence (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017).
- 2.
Even South Africa, an economic minnow in this landscape of emerging-power whales, felt compelled to rebrand its tariff disbursements to Lesotho and Swaziland under the Southern African Customs Union as a form of “aid”, thus propelling it into the ranks of non-DAC donors.
- 3.
The five partnership commitments are: “(1) Ownership: Partner countries exercise effective leadership over their development policies, and strategies and co-ordinate development actions. (2) Alignment: Donors base their overall support on partner countries’ national development strategies, institutions and procedures. (3) Harmonisation: Donors’ actions are more harmonised, transparent and collectively effective. (4) Managing for Results: Managing resources and improving decision-making for results. (5) Mutual Accountability: Donors and partners are accountable for development results”.
- 4.
The Millennium Development Goals are: “(1) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; (2) Achieve universal primary education; (3) Promote gender equality and empower women; (4) Reduce child mortality; (5) Improve maternal health; (6) Combat AIDS/HIV, malaria and other diseases; (7) Ensure environmental sustainability; (8) Global partnership for development”. UN, “Background”, news release, 2017. http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/bkgd.shtml.
- 5.
Dutch government officials, personal communication, May 2011.
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Alden, C., Large, D., Mendez, A. (2020). The Western Way of Development: A Critical Review. In: Jing, Y., Mendez, A., Zheng, Y. (eds) New Development Assistance. Governing China in the 21st Century. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7232-2_2
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