Skip to main content

Behavioural Support in Hong Kong

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 869 Accesses

Abstract

The positive behaviour support (PBS) movement in the USA provides a framework for improvement in the interpretation and management of challenging behaviour in school students. The education system in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) has some of the infrastructural features to introduce behavioural support for students with disability, for students with developmental disorders affecting classroom participation and learning, and for students with other behavioural challenges. System policies in the HKSAR provide a whole-school and multi-tier approach for mainstream education, a dual system of special schooling for students with identified disabilities, and an opportunity for ordinary mainstream schools to volunteer for inclusion. Teacher training provides a system of university education and professional development. However, the academic success of learners remains the primary concern of the current system, and this pedagogical emphasis affects teacher practices. Whereas academic and behavioural aspects of education are mutually supportive in the PBS movement in Western education, exposure to school-wide positive behaviour support in the HKSAR system is superficial. A small number of applied behaviour analysis therapists have an observation-to-treatment approach to the development and learning of child clients but reach only a small number of families with the economic resources to seek assistance outside the school systems.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Cao, J. M. (1988). Te jiao shi hua [Review of the history of special education in China]. Te Shu Jiao Yu, 4, 44–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, K., & Saroff, C. (2017). Applied behaviour analysis in autism spectrum disorders in China and Hong Kong. Acta Psychopathologica, 3(52), 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, G. (2017). Gods, ghosts, and ancestors as reflected in death rituals in a Chinese village. Cultural Diversity in China, 2(2), 125–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X., Huang, X., Wang, L., & Chang, L. (2012). Aggression, peer relationships, and depression in Chinese children: A multiwave longitudinal study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(12), 1233–1241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chow, Y. (2014). Inclusive classroom must embrace children with special education needs. South China morning post–insight and opinion. Retrieved from http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1402403/inclusive-classroom-must-embrace-children-special-education

  • Chung, Y. (1998). Teachers’ and students’ perceptions on the co-operation of discipline and guidance, Unpublished M.Ed. dissertation. Hong Kong, Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deng, M., & Poon-McBrayer, K. (2004). Inclusive education in China: Conceptualisation and realisation. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 24, 143–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ding, M., Li, Y., Li, X., & Kulum, G. (2010). Chinese teachers’ attributions and coping strategies for student classroom misbehavior. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 30(3), 321–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Education Bureau. (1990). Education commission report No. 4–the curriculum and behavioural problems in schools. Hong Kong, Hong Kong: Education Bureau. Retrieved from http://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/en/about-edb/publications-stat/major-reports/ecr4_e.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Education Bureau. (2008). Chapter 2: Operation guide on the whole school approach to integrated education. Hong Kong, Hong Kong: The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

    Google Scholar 

  • Education Bureau. (2010). Operation guide on whole school approach to integrated education. Hong Kong, Hong Kong: Education Bureau. Retrieved from http://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/en/edu-system/special/support/wsa/ie%20guide_en.pdf

  • Education Bureau. (2012). Progress of implementing integrated education in ordinary schools and the way forward. Paper submitted to the panel on education of the legislative council for discussion on 10 July 2012. LC Paper No. CB(2)2518/11–12(01).

    Google Scholar 

  • Education Bureau. (2014). Education bureau circular No. 12/2014: Enhancement of learning support grant for primary and secondary schools. Hong Kong, Hong Kong: Education Bureau. Retrieved from http://applications.edb.gov.hk/circular/upload/EDBC/EDBC14012E.pdf

  • Education Bureau. (2016). Special education: Overview. Hong Kong, Hong Kong: Education Bureau. Retrieved from http://www.edb.gov.hk/en/about-edb/policy/special/

    Google Scholar 

  • Education Bureau. (2018a). Figures and statistics: Primary education. Hong Kong, Hong Kong: Education Bureau. Retrieved from http://www.edb.gov.hk/en/about-edb/publications-stat/figures/pri.html

    Google Scholar 

  • Education Bureau. (2018b). Figures and statistics: Secondary education. Hong Kong, Hong Kong: Education Bureau. Retrieved from http://www.edb.gov.hk/en/about-edb/publications-stat/figures/sec.html

    Google Scholar 

  • Equal Opportunities Commission. (2001). Equal opportunities commission’s comments on the report on the Hong Kong special administrative region on the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). Legislative Council Panel on Home Affairs Meeting, 26 February 2001. Retrieved from http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr00-01/english/panels/ha/papers/928e02.pdf

  • Fong, C., & Hung, A. (2002). Public awareness, attitude, and understanding of epilepsy in Hong Kong special administrative region China. Epilepsia, 43(3), 311–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forlin, C. (2010). Developing and implementing quality inclusive education in Hong Kong: Implications for teacher education. Journal of Research in Special Education Needs, 10, 177–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forlin, C. (Ed.). (2012). Future directions for inclusive teacher education: An international perspective. Singapore, Singapore: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forlin, C., & Cooper, P. (2013). Student behaviour and emotional challenges for teachers and parents in Hong Kong. British Journal of Special Education, 40(2), 58–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forlin, C., & Sin, K. (2010). Developing support for inclusion: A professional learning approach for teachers in Hong Kong. International Journal of Whole Schooling, 6(1), 7–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guidelines for Student Discipline. (2013) are posted at http://www.edb.gov.hk/en/teacher/student-guidancediscipline-services/principles-guidelines/guidelines-on-student-discipline/index.html

    Google Scholar 

  • Hieneman, M., & Dunlap, G. (2001). Factors affecting the outcomes of community-based behavioural support II: Factor category importance. Journal of Positive Behavioural Interventions, 3, 67–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, I. (2004). A comparison of Australian and Chinese teachers’ attributions for student problem behaviours. Educational Psychology, 24(3), 375–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G., & Hofstede, G. (2005). Culture and organizations: Software of the mind. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department. (2018). Population estimates. Retrieved from https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hkstat/sub/sp150.jsp?tableID=001&ID=0&productType=8

  • Huang, X., Zhang, R., & Xing, Y. (2009). Needs of 71 families of children with autism. Chinese Journal of Special Education, 90, 51–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, X. A., Jia, M., & Wheeler, J. (2013). Children with autism in the People’s Republic of China: Diagnosis, legal issues, and educational services. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 1991. Retrieved from https://mijn.bsl.nl/children-with-autism-in-the-people-s-republic-of-china-diagnosis/555384

  • Hue, M. (2001). A study of the relationship between school guidance and discipline in Hong Kong secondary schools, Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. London, UK: Institute of Education, University of London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hue, M., & Kennedy, K. (2012). Creation of culturally responsive classrooms: Teachers’ conceptualization of a new rationale for cultural responsiveness and management of diversity in Hong Kong secondary schools. Intercultural Education, 23(2), 119–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hue, M., & Kennedy, K. (2013). Building a connected classroom: Teachers’ narratives about managing the cultural diversity of ethnic minority students in Hong Kong secondary schools. Pastoral Care in Education, 34(4), 292–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, H. (2015). An examination of the implementation of class-wide positive behaviour support in a Chinese primary school, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, School of Education, University of Wollongong.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, L., Liao, S., Zhou, W., Fang, L., & Shen, Q. (2012). An investigation on primary and secondary school teachers’ working pressure in Shanghai (in translation). Shanghai Research on Education, 3, 39–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kincaid, D., Childs, K., Blase, K., & Wallace, F. (2007). Identifying barriers and facilitators in implementing positive behavior support. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 9, 174–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kwok, D. (1997). The management style of discipline teachers in Hong Kong secondary schools. Psychologia, 40, 220–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lau, W. (2012). Support for students with special educational needs in Hong Kong. (EdD thesis, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.5353/th_b4812859

  • Legislative Council. (2013). LCQ13: Education for students with special educational needs. Hong Kong Government Press Release. Retrieved from http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201307/03/P201307030498.htm

  • Legislative Council Secretariat. (2014). Paper on the legislation on inclusive education in Taiwan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Hong Kong, Hong Kong: The Research Office of the Legislative Council Secretariat.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leung, K. S. F. (2013). Asian students’ superiority at maths due to confucian focus on hard work. South China morning post–families. Retrieved from http://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/family-education/article/1386776/asian-students-superiority-maths-due-confucian-focus-hard

  • Ling, C., Mak, W., & Cheng, J. (2010). Attribution model of stigma towards children with autism in Hong Kong. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 23, 237–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luk, S., & Cheng, P. W. (2009). Using the 3-tier intervention model to help students with learning difficulties: Theories and practices. Journal of Basic Education, 18(2), 87–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mak, W., & Kwok, Y. (2010). Internationalization of stigma for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder in Hong Kong. Social Science Medicine, 70, 2045–2051.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meng, W., & Liu, F. (2010). Investigation of punishment in primary education (in translation). Educational Measurement and Evaluation, 1, 34–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng, X. (2011). On the challenges facing China in the promotion of inclusive education and relevant suggestions. Chinese Journal of Special Education, 11, 15–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piao, Y. X. (Ed.). (1991). Te Shu Jiao Yu Gai Lun [Introduction to special education]. Beijing, China: Hua Xia Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piao, Y. X. (1992). Woguo gudai dui canji ren de taidu [Characteristics of and attitudes towards disability in ancient China]. Xiandai Te Shu Jiao, 1, 34–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poon-McBrayer, K. (1999). Final report: Action research of the pilot project on integrating pupils with disabilities in ordinary schools. Hong Kong, Hong Kong: Education Department of Hong Kong.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poon-McBrayer, K. (2012). Implementing the SENCo system in Hong Kong: An initial investigation. British Journal of Special Education, 39, 94–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poon-McBrayer, K. F. (2017a). Comparing and contextualizing the participation in and challenges for inclusive education in Guam and Hong Kong. International Journal of Whole Schooling, 13(2), 63–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poon-McBrayer, K. F. (2017b). School leaders’ dilemmas and measures to instigate changes for inclusive education. Hong Kong Journal of Educational Change, 18(3), 295–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-017-9300-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Romi, S., Ramon, L., & Roache, J. (2013). Classroom management and teachers’ coping strategies: Inside classrooms in Australia, China and Israel. Prospects: Quarterly Review of Comparative Education, 43(2), 215–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Save the Children. (2009). Prohibiting all corporal punishment in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Retrieved from https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/sites/default/files/documents/1641.pdf

  • Shen, J., Zhang, N., Zhang, C., Caldarella, P., Richardson, M., & Shatzer, R. (2009). Chinese elementary school teachers’ perceptions of students’ classroom behaviour problems. Educational Psychology, 29(2), 187–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, F., & Shek, D. (2012). Positive youth development, life satisfaction and problem behaviour among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong: A replication. Social Indicators Research, 105(3), 541–559.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, P. (2013). School satisfaction of adolescents: Research progress and development tendency. Journal of Jiangsu Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 39(4), 145–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tait, K., Fung, F., Hu, A., Sweller, N., & Wang, W. (2016). Understanding Hong Kong Chinese families’ experiences of an Autism/ASD diagnosis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(4), 1164–1183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tait, K. (2014). Raising young children with autism spectrum disorders in Hong Kong: The impact of cultural values and stigma on Chinese parents’ coping strategies. International Journal Advances in Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(1), 7–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tait, K., Mundia, L., Fung, F., & Wong, C. (2014). The impact of traditional Chinese beliefs, stigma and local school service provision on the coping strategies of parents of children with autism spectrum disorders in Hong Kong. Journal of the International Society for Teacher Education, 18(1), 16–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tian, D. (2013). Investigation studies on the treatment of elementary teachers about classroom unexpected emergency: Based on the perspective of treatment impact on students. Masters thesis, Northeast Normal University.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Education, Scientific, & Cultural Organization. (1994, June 3). The Salamanca Statement and framework for action on special needs education. Document produced for the world conference on special needs Education: Access and Quality, Salamanca, Spain.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., Zhou, X., Xia, W., Sun, C., & Wu, L. (2012). Parent-reported health care expenditures associated with autism spectrum disorders in Heilongjiang province, China. BMC Health Service Research, 12, 7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, C. (1997). Teachers’ perception of the relationship between discipline and guidance-A case study, Unpublished M.Ed. dissertation. Hong Kong, Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, V., & Hui, S. (2007). Brief report: Emerging services for children with autism spectrum disorders in Hong Kong (1960–2004). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 383–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao, F. (2007). The Chinese “learning in regular class”: History, current situation, and prospect. Chinese Education and Society, 40(4), 8–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao, X., Liu, P., Chen, Z., & Shang, D. (2014). Development and policy implementation of special children’s inclusive education: A case study of Guangzhou City. Journal of Educational Development, 4, 22–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, Y. (1994). China. In K. Mazurek & M. Winzer (Eds.), Comparative studies in special education (pp. 163–178). Washington, DC: Galludet University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, H., & Wang, H. (1994). Special education in China. The Journal of Special Education., 28(1), 93–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yao, Y., Wang, H., & Wen, L. (2008). Investigation and analysis of body punishment in junior school. Chinese Journal of Health Psychology, 16(3), 345–347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ye, L. Y., & Piao, Y. X. (1995). Te shu jiaoyu xue [The study of special education]. Fujian Education Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yip, D. (2016). APBS board update. APBS Newsletter, 15(3), 1–4. Retrieved from: http://www.apbs.org/newsletter/Files/APBS_Newsletter_Vol-15_Num3.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, C., & Shen, J. (2007). Primary school teachers’ understanding about students’ classroom behaviour (in translation). Educational Science Research, 4, 21–24.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kathleen Tait .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Tait, K., Fung, F., Dajic, J. (2019). Behavioural Support in Hong Kong. In: Bryer, F., Beamish, W. (eds) Behavioural Support for Students with Special Educational Needs. Advancing Inclusive and Special Education in the Asia-Pacific. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7177-6_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7177-6_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-13-7176-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-13-7177-6

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics